Pope Leo IX.
Backs the Normans against the Byzantines in Southern Italy, contributing to the east-west
Church schism. 1054
A Supernova that now forms the Crab Nebula is observed in the East. July 4, 1054
It is visible for 22 months.
Legates sent by Pope Leo IX appear at the Church of Hagia Sophia, at the beginning of
services, and declare that all of their endeavors to re-establish union have been rejected
by Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople. July 16, 1054
The legates lay the papal bull of excommunication on the high altar and leave the church.
Michael Cerularius rejects the “filioque” clause.
Final and complete separation of the Christian Church into two distinct parts: the Western
Roman Catholic Church at Rome and the Eastern or Greek Church at Constantinople.
Reciprocal excommunication of Roman and Greek churches is announced.
Leo IX is Pope, Michael Cerularius is the Patriarch of Constantinople.
Henry I of France, Geoffrey of Anjou, and Theobald of Blois invade Normandy. 1054
William I, the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087) successfully repels the combined invasion of
their armies at Mortemer.
Council at Sens. 1054
Condemns Berengarius of Tours in the controversy over the Real
Presence or the transubstantiation of the Eucharist.
Robert Guiscard (Norman) takes Benevento. 1054
Death of Pope Leo IX. 1054
Pope Victor II (1054-1057).
Beginning of the conquest of West Africa by Almoravid Mohammedans under Abdallah ben
Yassim. 1054
Battle of Dunsinane. July 27, 1054
Macbeth, the Scottish usurper, is defeated by Malcolm and Siward of Northumbria at Dunsinane.
Casimir I of Poland takes back Silesia. 1054
Death of Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX. 1055
He is succeeded by Theodora, his sister-in-law, who rules 1055-1056.
Seljuk Turks (Sunni Moslems) rise to power as their eastward migration increases their
numbers in the empire. 1055
Fall of Baghdad (capital city) and the Arab Empire to the Seljuk Turks (Sunni Moslems). 1055
The Seljuk Turks are nomads from central Asia under the leadership of
Tughril Beg.
They invade Anatolia.
They threaten the borders of the Byzantine Empire.
Fernando I of Castile.
Continues the Christian re-conquest of Portugal (Spain). 1055
Tostig, brother of Harold, becomes Earl of Northumbria. 1055
Death of German Emperor Heinrich III. 1056
Succeeded by his six year old son Heinrich IV (b.1050-d.1106).
He will be under the guardianship of his mother Agnes of Poitou until 1061.
Reign of Heinrich IV, Holy Roman Emperor: 1056-1106.
Heinrich IV is of the Salian line of German emperors that rule the Holy Roman Empire.
Conquest of Morocco by the Almoravid moslems, a nomadic people from the Sahara. 1056
Michael VI, Stratioticus. Byzantine Emperor. 1056-1057
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085). Norman.
Succeeds his brother Humphrey as leader of the Normans in Apulia. 1057
Abdication of Michael VI, Byzantine Emperor. 1057
Isaac I, Comnenus. Byzantine Emperor. 1057-1059
Earthquake in Cilicia in Asia Minor. 1057
60,000 killed.
Earthquake. China.
Destruction of the city of Chihli (Hopei) China by earthquake. 1057
26,000 are killed.
Battle of Lumphanan. 1057
Malcolm Canmore, son of Duncan I, defeats and kills Macbeth.
Succeeded by Lulach, stepson of Macbeth.
Lulach, King of Scotland 1057-1058.
St. Hugh (1024-1109).
Effects peace between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Andrew, King of Hungary. 1057
Malcolm Canmore kills Lulach in battle. 1058
Becomes Malcolm III, King of Scotland.
Rules 1058-1093.
Richard of Aversa becomes Prince of Capua. 1058
Isaac Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor.
Arrests Michael Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, and exiles him to Proconnesus. 1058
Charges him with heresy and treason and provides corroborative details.
Death of Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, before coming to trial. 1058
Boleslav II, the Bold. King of Poland (king from 1076). 1058-1079
Battle of Varaville. 1058
William I, the Conqueror, of Normandy (b.1027-d.1087) defeats Geoffrey of Anjou at the Battle
of Varaville.
Church of Sant’Angelo in Formis, Italy. 1058-1075
Parma Cathedral. Begun (-1074). 1058
Supremacy of Tugrul Beg, Seljuk Turkish chieftain in Baghdad. 1058
Great famine throughout Poland. 1058
Thousands perish.
Treaty of Melfi. 1059
Robert Guiscard (Norman) and Richard of Aversa, Prince of Capua, become papal vassals.
Robert Guiscard (Norman) receives from Pope Nicholas II, title to Calabria, Apulia, and Sicily. 1059
This territory however still remains to be re-captured from the Mohammedans.
Constantine Lichudes succeeds Michael Cerularius as the Patriarch of Constantinople. 1059
Synod of the Lateran (Rome). 1059
Sets up system of papal election by the newly established College of Cardinals.
The Patzinaks cross the frozen River Ister (the Danube River). 1059
Isaac Comnenus. Byzantine Emperor.
Patzinak campaign. 1059
Constantine X Ducas. Byzantine Emperor. 1059-1067
The Normans under the leadership of Robert Guiscard put an end to Byzantine rule in southern
Italy. 1059
Beginning of the rapid decline of Byzantine power. 1059
“Jesus Christ the Ruler of the World.” 1060
Byzantine mosaic. Daphni, Greece.
Death of Henry I, King of France. 1060
Philip I. King of France. 1060-1108
St. Anselm (1033-1109).
Enters Bec, drawn by the fame of Lanfranc. 1060
Bonn Cathedral. Begun. 1060
Urnes Church. Norway. c.1060
The Normans take Reggio, completing the conquest of Calabria from the Byzantine Empire. 1060
Robert Guiscard (Norman).
Becomes Duke of Apulia and Calabria. 1060
Robert Guiscard (Norman).
Sends his brother Roger Guiscard to liberate the island of Sicily from the Mohammedans. 1061
Norman invasion of Sicily. 1061
Roger Guiscard lands near Masara at the head of an army of only 2,000 men and occupies the city.
Beginning of the Norman conquest of Sicily (1061-1091). 1061
The Normans begin to put an end to the rule of the moslems in Sicily. Roger Guiscard (Norman)
will lead his men against the Mohammedans until he is over 70 years old.
Robert Guiscard becomes ruler of Sicily also.
Bela I. King of Hungary. 1060-1063
Norman conquest of the important city of Messina, Sicily. 1061
Harold (Saxon) founds the church of the Holy Cross at Waltham. 1061
Boleslav II, the Bold, of Poland.
Regains Upper Slovakia. 1061-1063
Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland.
Invades Northumbria. 1061
Mohammedan Almoravid Dynasty in North Africa. 1061
The Almoravids will later take control of parts of Spain.
Berengarius of Tours.
Rejects the doctrine of Transubstantiation (the Real Presence in the Eucharist). 1062
Harold, with the help of Tostig, the son of Godwin, leads an army into Wales (1062-1064).
Defeats Welsh King Gruffydd ap Llewelyn (d.1063).
Conquers Wales for Edward the Confessor, the King of England. 1063
Salomon (Solomon). King of Hungary. 1063-1074
William of Normandy (b.1027-d.1087).
William conquers Maine, which extends his southern frontier almost to the Loire River. 1063
Lanfranc.
Lanfranc is appointed to be the founding abbot of William the Conqueror’s monastery at Caen. 1063
Roger Guiscard (c. 1031-1101). Norman.
Defeats a large moslem army at the Battle of Cerami. June 1063
Tughril Beg, the leader of the Seljuk Turks, dies. 1063
Alp Arslan (1029-1072).
Succeeds Tughril Beg (his father) as ruler of the Seljuk Turks. 1063
Alp Arslan rules 1063-1073.
The Seljuk Turks, Asian nomads, have become a major force in the Middle East. 1064
The Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan, take Ani.
Capture of Armenia from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan. 1064
Cathedral of Pisa.
Construction is begun on the Cathedral at Pisa, an example of the Romanesque style of
architecture that flourishes in the 11th and 12th centuries. 1063
Will be completed 1118.
Jaca Cathedral. Spain. 1063
Seizure of Belgrade by the Hungarians from the Byzantine Empire. 1064
The Nile River fails to flood and brings great famine and cannibalism. 1064-1072
Areas from Fustat to Cairo are cut off from supplies by the horsemen of the Lewata Berbers.
40,000 perish.
“Ezzolied.” 1064
Written by German crusaders.
William the Conqueror (1027-1087). Norman.
Founds the Abbaye-aux Hommes, also known as St. Etienne, at Caen, France. 1064
La Trinité, Caen (Abbaye-aux Dames). 1064
Founded by Matilda, the wife of William the Conqueror.
Harold of Wessex (English) is shipwrecked off the coast of Normandy. 1064
He is held for ransom by the Count of Ponthieu.
William, Duke of Normandy, procures his release.
Harold swears a solemn oath to support the claim of William of Normandy (b.1027-d.1087) to England.
Harold of Wessex binds himself to assist William of Normandy in obtaining the succession of England upon the death of Edward the Confessor.
The Cumans, having crossed the Danube River, overrun the Balkan area as far as Thessalonica. 1065
500,000 Uzes (Cumans) cross the Danube River, defeat Byzantine and Bulgarian forces, break into Thrace and Greece, and threaten Macedonia.
This enemy is attacked by Patzinaks (Pechenegs) and Bulgarians.
They are forced to retreat back over the Danube River.
Sancho II. King of Castile. 1065-1072
Alfonso VI. King of León (1065-1109) and Castile (from 1072-1109). 1065
Northumbrians rebel against Tostig, the brother of Harold of Wessex. 1065
Harold of Wessex ends the rebellion in Northumbria.
Tostig is exiled to Europe by Edward the Confessor (1003-1066).
Edward the Confessor (b.1003-d.1066).
Builds St. Peter’s Abbey at Westminster. 1065
This is the site of the present Abbey, where he will be buried in 1066.
Consecration of Westminster Abbey. 1065
Wilhelm von Hirsau (d.1091). German Benedictine monk and scholar.
Writes manuals on musical theory. c.1065
Oliver of Malmesbury.
Constructs a glider on which he launches himself from a high place. 1065
He is killed.
Sainte Foi Church. Conques, France. 1065-1130
Death of Saint Edward the Confessor (b.1003-d.1066). Jan. 5, 1066
Edward was King of England since 1042.
At his death, Edward the Confessor leaves no Saxon heir to the throne.
Edward names Harold II of Wessex his successor, though his cousin William of Normandy (b.1027-d.1087) claims the throne of England.
Harold II of Wessex, in defiance of his oath to William of Normandy, procures his own Jan. 6, 1066
election as King of England by the Witan (council), the day after the death of Edward the
Confessor.
Harold II of Wessex will be King of England until October.
William of Normandy obtains a bull from Pope Alexander II, which declares him to be the
rightful heir to throne of England. 1066
Battle of Stamford Bridge. Sept. 25, 1066
Tostig and Harold III Haardraada, King of Norway, invade northern England.
Harold II of England defeats them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge,
killing them both.
Norman invasion of England. Sept. 28, 1066
William of Normandy (b.1027-d.1087) lands at Pevensey in the south of England.
William of Normandy is accompanied by Normans from Spain and Southern Italy.
Appearance of a comet. 1066
Later will be called “Halley’s Comet.”
William of Normandy (b.1027-d.1087).
Establishes at Hastings a strong position for his entrenched camp. 1066
Battle of Hastings. October 14, 1066
Norman invasion and conquest of England led by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy.
William, Duke of Normandy, defeats the Saxons under Harold II and conquers England at Hastings.
Marks ending of the Anglo-Saxon rule in England.
Harold II, the last Saxon king of England, is killed in battle.
William of Normandy had 8,000 men, the Saxon king Harold II had an equal 8,000 man force.
William I.
Decrees that the altar of a great commemorative church, Battle Abbey, should stand on the
exact spot where Harold II, King of England, fell in battle. 1066
William founds Abbey at Hastings (1067).
William of Normandy (crowned “the Conqueror”) is made King of England at Westminster
Abbey. Dec. 25, 1066
William I rules 1066-1087.
William I, the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087), is the first Norman King of England.
England and Normandy are now united into one kingdom for almost 150 years until 1204.
Four Norman kings will rule in England. 1066-1154
William I, the Conqueror, William II Rufus, Henry I Beauclerc, and Stephen of Blois.
Olaf III. King of Norway. 1066-1093
The Norman conquest will continue for another four years until 1070.
William I, the Conqueror, subjugates the north of England (the “Harrying of the North”). 1066-1070
Tournai Cathedral. In what is now called Belgium. 1066
Third uprising of the pagan Wends (Slavs) in eastern Germany. 1066
Murder of Gottschalk.
William I, King of England.
Orders the construction of castles in all major cities in England. 1066
Beginning of Norman (Romanesque) style of architecture in England (until after 1200). 1066
Fotheringay Castle. Northamptonshire. Begun. 1066
William I the Conqueror.
Founds Battle Abbey at Hastings. 1067
Rebuilding of the ancient Monastery of Monte Casino in Italy. 1067
Monte Casino was originally founded by St. Benedict of Nursia.
Boleslav II of Poland takes Kiev. 1067
Malcolm III (son of Duncan), King of Scotland, marries St. Margaret of Scotland, an English
princess. 1067
Margaret advances Roman Catholicism in Scotland.
Eudoxia. Byzantine empress. 1067
She is the widow of Constantine X.
The Bayeux Tapestry is begun. c.1067
Actually it is an embroidery and not a true tapestry.
It tells the story of Harold of Wessex in 1065-1066 and of his final defeat at the Battle of Hastings
in 1066.
Battle of Misilmeri (Sicily). 1068
Roger Guiscard (Norman) defeats moslem forces in Sicily.
The Norman invasion of England (1066) is followed by a severe winter, which brings famine
and plague to England. 1068-1069
50,000 perish.
Romanus IV Diogenes. Byzantine Emperor. 1068-1071
The Normans wrest Otranto, Italy from the Byzantine Empire. 1068
Romanus IV Diogenes.
Byzantine Empire repels the continued advance of the Seljuk Turks in Armenia. 1068-1069
William the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087).
Defeats the Danish invasion of northern England. 1069
Famine in Egypt. 1069-1072
William the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087).
Invites papal legates to come to England and inaugurate the reform of the Roman Catholic
Church in England. 1070
Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt (1070-1071) in the Fens of eastern England. 1070
Lanfranc (c.1010-1089), Italian Benedictine Abbot. 1070
Lanfranc is made the Archbishop of Canterbury (1070-1089) by William the Conqueror.
Lanfranc begins the rebuilding of Canterbury Cathedral, which had been destroyed earlier.
Lanfranc reforms the Roman Catholic Church in England.
Founding of the “Order of St. John” in Jerusalem by Italians. c.1070
(“Knights of Saint John”).
York Cathedral. Begun. 1070
Bayeux Cathedral, France. c.1070
Founding of Hirsau Abbey in Germany as the first of the German Cluniac churches (later will
be destroyed). ca.1070
Battle of Manzikert. August 1071
Romanus IV Diogenes leads an army of 40,000 Byzantines to relieve Manzikert (Malazkirt) in
Armenia. He encounters a force of 70,000 mounted Seljuk Turks, led by Alp Arslan, the second
sultan of the Seljuk Turks.
The Byzantine army of Emperor Romanus IV is defeated by the Seljuk Turks. Seljuk Turks crush Byzantine power in Anatolia.
Romanus IV is taken prisoner but is released by Alp Arslan. This terrible defeat cuts off Constantinople’s military recruiting ground and ensures the eventual downfall of Constantinople
and the entire Byzantine Empire (1453).
As a result of their defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks
conquer most of Asia Minor (Anatolia). 1071
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085). Norman ruler.
Defeats Byzantines at Bari. Guiscard captures Bari and Brindisi in Italy. Bari is the last Byzantine
citadel in Southern Italy. 1071
Robert Guiscard drives the Byzantines from Apulia.
Robert Guiscard conquers the last Byzantine possessions in Italy.
Robert Guiscard ends Byzantine power in Italy.
Marks the permanent end of Byzantine rule in Italy.
Roger Guiscard (1031-1101). Norman.
Roger Guiscard is the younger brother of Robert Guiscard (1015-1085).
Roger Guiscard assumes the title of count of Sicily. 1071
The Norman re-conquest of Sicily from the moslem occupiers will continue for another twenty
years until 1091.
William I the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087).
Invades Scotland. 1071
William I, the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087).
Smashes the resistance led by the Saxon Hereward the Wake. 1071
William I receives the submission of Hereward the Wake.
William the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087).
Completes the conquest of all of England that he had begun in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. 1071
Michael VII Ducas. Byzantine Emperor. 1071-1078
Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan capture Jerusalem from the Fatïmids. 1071
Seljuk Turks cut off Christian pilgrim routes to the city of Jerusalem.
This will later lead to the First Crusade.
Michael VII, Byzantine Emperor, appeals to the pope for help against the invading moslems. 1072
The Greek Church had completely separated itself from the Catholic Church in 1054.
He does not receive it.
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085). Norman.
Conquest of Palermo, Sicily from the Moslems. 1072
William I, the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087).
Forces Malcolm, King of Scotland, to do homage to him. 1072
Death of Peter Damian (b.1007). Benedictine order. 1072
Wrote many polemical tracts.
Alp Arslan dies and is succeeded by his son Malik Shah I. 1072
Malik Shah I rules the Seljuk Turks 1072-1092.
Abbay-aux-Hommes, known as the Church of St. Etienne, Caen, France.
Founded by William the Conqueror, King of England. 1072
La Trinité is built in Caen. 1072
Alfonso VI. King of Castile (1072-1109) and León (1065-1109). 1072-1109
Reconquers territory in Spain from the Mohammedans.
Re-captures Christian domains to Toledo (1085).
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
St. Stanislaus (1030-1079).
Becomes the seventh Bishop of Cracow (to 1079). 1072
George II. King of Georgia. 1072-1089
Beginning of the papacy of Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand of Soana). 1073
Pope 1073-1085. Birthplace: Tuscany.
Immediately attempts to reform the problems of the Catholic Church.
He sets about to establish two major reforms - the enforcement of the celibacy of the priesthood
and the suppression of simony.
The Saxons, under Otto of Nordheim revolt against Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Aug. 1073
Henry IV. Holy Roman Emperor.
Successfully crushes a major rebellion of the Saxons in Saxony led by Otto of Nordheim. 1073-1074
Famine in England causes mass mortality so severe that the living are too weak to care for the
sick or even bury the dead. 1073
Thousands perish.
Council at Westminster Abbey. 1074
Illegally accuses St. Wulfstan (also Wulstan), c.1008-1095, of being unfit to be a bishop and
orders him to surrender his episcopal ring and staff, that had originally been given to him by
King Edward the Confessor.
Wulfstan does not.
He is the only bishop allowed to retain his see after William’s conquest.
Peace of Gerstungen. 1074
Between Henry IV, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Saxons.
The Saxons, however, will later revolt once again.
Pope Gregory VII.
Excommunication of all married Catholic priests. 1074
Pope Gregory VII.
Excommunicates Robert Guiscard for encroaching on the territory of the Papal States. 1074
Geza I. King of Hungary. 1074-1077
Henry IV (b.1050-1106), Holy Roman Emperor.
Personally appoints a number of bishops, beginning the struggle with the Roman Catholic
Church over Lay Investiture. 1075
Old Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 1075
(St. James Cathedral).
Synod of Rome. 1075
Severely condemns simony (the buying of promotions in the Church), clerical marriage, and
lay investiture.
Henry IV. Holy Roman Emperor.
Defeats the Saxons at Homburg-on-Unstrutt. June 1075
Pope Gregory VII issues a decree abolishing lay investiture. 1075
Beginning of the dispute between the Pope and the Emperor Henry IV over who can appoint
bishops and abbots.
Pope Gregory VII insists on maintaining papal powers (including the
exclusive right to make and depose bishops). This begins the 47 year long lay investiture
struggle between the popes and emperors (to 1122).
Richmond Castle, Yorkshire, England. 1075
Condemnation and execution by burning, of a Cathar heretic at Cambrai.
Pope Gregory VII will excommunicate the inhabitants of Cambrai for this action in 1076. 1075
Malik Shah, ruler of the Seljuk Turks.
Conquers Damascus (Syria) and Palestine. 1075
Dispute between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV over the succession to the archdiocese
of Milan (lay investiture). 1076
Each threatens the other with deposition.
Synod of Worms. Jan. 1076
Synod of German Catholic bishops is called at Worms (now in West Germany) by Henry IV.
A high point in Henry’s conflict with the pope over lay investiture.
The Synod of German bishops decide by vote that Gregory VII should be deposed from his office.
German bishops, backed by Heinrich IV, Holy Roman Emperor, declare Pope Gregory VII
deposed. 1076
Gregory VII.
Answers Henry IV by declaring that he is dethroned. 1076
Declares Henry IV, and all of the German bishops supporting him, deposed and excommunicated.
This is the first excommunication of a king by a Pope.
The Princes of southern Germany rebel against Henry IV. Oct. 1076
They meet at Tribur in October to seek an alliance with the Pope.
Baghdad, a Mohammedan city, is inundated by an overflow of the Tigris River. 1076
Unknown number of people are killed.
Sancho III. King of Navarre. 1076-1094
(Sancho I of Aragon 1065-1094).
Harold III Hen. King of Denmark. 1076-1080
The princes of Germany propose a meeting in Augsburg in Feb. 1077 to be held under the Pope. 1077
The primary objective of the meeting is the dismissal of Emperor Henry IV and the election of
a new ruler.
Without papal support, Emperor Heinrich IV faces new German revolts.
Henry IV makes the bitter journey across the Alps.
Gregory VII, already on his way to the Augsburg council, receives Henry IV at the castle of
Canossa, Italy, not far from Parma. Jan. 1077
The gates of Canossa are closed against Emperor Henry IV.
Emperor Henry IV stands outside of the castle in the bitter January snow, barefoot, in coarse
penitential garb, and stripped of all his regalia.
Henry IV humbles himself before Pope Gregory VII for three days in the snow during a bitter winter. Henry IV begs for the forgiveness of Pope Gregory VII.
Gregory VII absolves Henry IV.
Henry IV is released from his excommunication.
At Forchheim, many Dukes of Germany still refuse to reaccept Henry IV.
The Dukes declare the king Henry IV deposed, and elect Rudolph of Swabia as king. Mar. 1077
Revolt of Rudolph of Swabia against Heinrich IV starts civil war (to 1080) in the Holy Roman
Empire. 1077
Founding of the first English Cluniac monastery at Lewes Abbey. 1077
St. Albans Abbey. Begun. 1077
Earliest surviving church built in the Anglo-Norman style of architecture.
Saint Ladislaus of Hungary (b.1040-d.1095).
Son of King Bela I, is elected King of Hungary. 1077
Rules 1077-1095.
Hungarian prosperity increases under Ladislaus I.
Conquered Croatia.
Michael Psellus.
“Chronographia.” c.1077
A personal account of events between the years 996 and 1077.
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085). Norman.
Captures Salerno, Italy back from the Mohammedans. 1077
Famine and plague. Constantinople. 1078
Thousands perish.
St. Anselm becomes Abbot of Bec. 1078
The invading Seljuk Turks take control of the city of Nicea. 1078
Martyrdom of St. Stanislaus (1030-1079), Bishop of Cracow.
He is murdered by Boleslaus II, the King of Poland. April 11, 1079
Boleslaus II, King of Poland, is driven from his throne. 1079
Ladislaus I Herman. King of Poland. 1079-1102
Tower of London. Begun by Bishop Gundulf (to 1300). 1078
Nicephorus III Botaniates. Byzantine Emperor. 1078-1081
Council of Rome. 1079
Condemnation of Berengarius again at Rome.
Berengarius rejects the Real Presence in the Eucharist (Transubstantiation).
Berengarius several times recanted before his death in 1088.
Frederick of Staufen marries a daughter of Emperor Henry IV and is made Duke of Swabia. 1079
Lund Cathedral. Sweden. Romanesque style. Begun. 1080
Originally built by Donatus, a Lomband architect.
Will be completed in 1146.
William I, King of England.
Refuses to do homage as a papal vassal. 1080
Pope Gregory VII.
Deposes and excommunicates Emperor Heinrich IV for the second time. Gregory VII
recognizes Rudolph of Swabia as the rightful ruler. Mar. 1080
Henry IV once again calls his own synod to depose Gregory VII. 1080
German and pro-German bishops declare Gregory VII deposed.
Heinrich IV, Emperor of Germany.
Ends civil war in the empire by killing Rudolph of Swabia. 1080
Terrible famine throughout Denmark. 1080
Thousands perish.
Canute IV, the Saint. King of Denmark. 1080-1086
Ely Cathedral. England. 1080-1140
Toledan table of positions of stars is produced at Toledo, Spain. 1080
Church of St. Ambrogio (Ambrose). Milan, Italy. 1080-1120
St. Hugh of Grenoble (1052-1132).
Elected Bishop of Grenoble. 1080
St. Savin-sur-Gartempe is begun in Poitou, France. c.1080
Romanesque style architecture.
Consecration of Otranto Cathedral. 1080
Armenian state established in Cilicia. 1080
St. Sernin in Toulouse, France. 1080-1096
This is a large pilgrimage church.
Founding of the Hospital of St. John, the Almoner, for pilgrims at Jerusalem, near the Church
of the Holy Sepulchre. 1080
Knights will later establish the Hospital of St. John in Jerusalem.
The order will be formally approved by Pope Paschal II in 1113.
William I, King of England invades Wales. 1081
Norman-Byzantine Wars. 1081-1085
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085).
Invasion of the Balkans. 1081
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085).
Improvises a fleet, and defeats the Byzantine navy off Durazzo. 1081
The Normans under Robert Guiscard (1015-1085) besiege the fortress of Durazzo, which is
defended by Byzantines (Greeks and Macedonians) under George Paleologus. July 17, 1081
Beginning of the reign of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus.
Alexius I rules 1081-1118. 1081
The Normans under Robert Guiscard, besieging the fortress of Durazzo (since July 17), are
now reduced to 18,000 men. The Normans are attacked by a force of over 75,000 Byzantines,
under Alexius I Comnenus.
Robert Guiscard defeats the Byzantines. Oct. 18 1081
The city however still holds out.
Henry IV, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, marches with an army into Italy. 1081
This is part of the Lay Investiture conflict.
Old St. Paul’s Church in London, England. Rebuilding begins. 1081
Will be destroyed in the fire of London in 1666.
Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar (“El Cid”) is exiled as a result of a conflict with Alfonso VI. 1081
They are estranged for five years.
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085). Norman.
Invasion of Albania by the Normans. 1082
Robert Guiscard, transports his army to Durazzo (now in Albania). 1082
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085) makes a surprise night attack on the city of Durazzo (now Feb. 8, 1082
in Albania).
Robert Guiscard finally succeeds in capturing Durazzo from the Byzantine forces.
Robert Guiscard takes Corfu from the Byzantine Empire. 1082
Robert Guiscard, after defeating the forces of Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor of the Byzantine
Empire, marches across Epirus and Thessaly, almost to Salonika. 1082
The Byzantine Empire appeals to Venice for help against Robert Guiscard and the Normans. 1082
Venice and the Byzantine Empire establish a trade treaty. 1082
Byzantine Empire grants Venice important trading concessions in exchange for help against
attacks launched by the Norman Robert Guiscard. 1082
Destruction of Norman fleet by Venetians (not far from Durazzo). 1082
Henry IV of Germany lays siege to Rome (until 1084). 1082
Bohemund, the oldest son of Robert Guiscard, takes much of Macedonia from the Byzantine
Empire. 1083
St. Etienne in Nevers, France. 1083-1097
Cluniac Abbey built in the Romanesque style of architecture.
Emperor Henry IV takes Rome. 1084
He imprisons Pope Gregory VII at the Castel Sant’Angelo, Rome.
Henry IV summons Pope Gregory VII to crown him Roman Emperor.
Pope Gregory VII of course refuses to crown him.
Henry IV installs an antipope, Clement III, who crowns and appoints him like he had wanted
Pope Gregory VII to do. 1084
Pope Gregory VII, shut up in the castle of Sant’Angelo, sends a request to Robert Guiscard
(Norman), Duke of Apulia, for help against Henry IV. 1084
Robert Guiscard receives the desperate appeal from Pope Gregory VII to come and save him
from Henry IV. Robert Guiscard leaves his army in Thessaly, hurries back to Italy, and raises a
new army of Normans and Italians. 1084
The Mohammedans in southern Italy loot and burn the churches of Reggio and enslave all the
Christian monks. 1084
Robert Guiscard appears in Italy at the head of a Norman army of 36,000 men. 1084
Guiscard approaches the city of Rome.
On the approach of the Normans, the Germans prudently withdraw.
Henry IV retreats back to Germany.
Robert Guiscard.
Drives Heinrich IV from Rome. 1084
Robert Guiscard captures Rome from the Germans.
Robert Guiscard frees Pope Gregory VII from prison.
Pope Gregory VII had been imprisoned by Henry IV at the Castel Sant’Angelo, Rome.
Uprising of the people of Rome against the army of Robert Guiscard.
The Romans rise up against the Normans in Rome. 1084
Robert Guiscard.
Forces the anti-pope Clement III to leave the city of Rome. 1084
Robert Guiscard, the Norman duke, removes Pope Gregory VII from Rome and its hostile people. 1084
Norman troops of Robert Guiscard enter into and sack Rome.
Robert Guiscard suppresses the revolt of the people of Rome. 1084
Pope Gregory VII flees with them to Salerno.
Seljuk Turks are in Asia Minor.
Seljuk Turks siege Antioch, the last Byzantine bulwark in Syria. 1084
Bohemund, the oldest son of the Norman Robert Guiscard, returns and reports that his army
in Greece has been destroyed by Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1084
St. Bruno of Cologne (c.1030-1101).
Founds the Carthusian Order at La Grande Chartreuse in the French Alps.
The Monks take the name Carthusians from the word Chartreuse (the neighboring area was
called Cartusia). 1084
Robert Guiscard.
Builds a third fleet of ships, and defeats the Venetian navy of Corfu. 1084
Hospital is established at Canterbury. 1084
Lay Investiture Controversy. 1085-1122
Struggle between the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire over the question of “lay investiture” (the appointment of bishops by secular rulers).
Liberation of Toledo from the Moslems. 1085
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Conquest of Toledo from the Mohammedans by the Christians led by Alfonso VI of Castile,
after a three year siege.
Rodrigo Diaz (“El Cid”) leads the Christian struggle to reconquer Spanish lands that had been
taken over by the moslems in 711.
Robert Guiscard (1015-1085) takes the Ionian isle of Cephalonia. 1085
Byzantines and Venetians defeat the Normans off Corfu. 1085
Death of Robert Guiscard (Norman) on the isle of Cephalonia. May 1085
He is seventy years old.
The Normans abandon the invasion of the Balkan Peninsula. 1085
The Normans evacuate after the death of Robert Guiscard.
Norman Italy accepts Roger Guiscard as its ruler. 1085
Canute IV. King of Denmark.
Attempts an invasion of England. 1085
England has been under Norman rule since 1066.
Mainz Cathedral. Germany.
Romanesque style cathedral. Rebuilt. 1085
William I, King of England (b.1027-d.1087).
Orders the compilation of Domesday Book, a survey of England. 1085
Pope Gregory VII dies in exile at Salerno. May 25, 1085
Vratislav, Duke of Bohemia, is crowned king. 1085
“Annolied.” Germany.
Historical poem celebrating the life of Archbishop Anno of Cologne. 1085
England is inundated by rain. 1086
Plague, fever, and famine follow.
Thousands perish. Until 1087.
Canute IV, the Saint, King of Denmark, is assassinated in Denmark. 1086
Failure of the Danish invasion of England.
Olaf II. King of Denmark. 1086-1095
Roger Guiscard (1031-1101).
Recaptures Syracuse, Sicily from the moslem forces. 1086
Almoravids enforce Mohammedan rule in Spain. 1086
Famine. Denmark. 1087
Famine so terrible that King Olaf II is surnamed the “Hungry.”
Thousands perish.
Continued famine and great pestilence in England. 1087
Thousands perish.
Death of William I, King of England (1027-1087). 1087
William dies at Rouen from internal injuries he had sustained in a fall while campaigning
against Philip I, King of France.
William is succeeded by his sons William II, Rufus (rules 1087-1100) in England, and Robert II,
the eldest son of William, as Duke of Normandy (rules 1087-1106).
Robert of Normandy will later be one of the leaders of the First Crusade.
Tewkesbury Abbey. England. Begun. 1087
Conrad, the eldest son of Henry IV, is crowned king of Germany. 1087
Pope Victor III. 1086-1087
(Desiderius, Abbot of Montecassino).
The Mohammedans in Spain call for the aid of Yusuf ibn-Tashfin, chief of the Almoravids.
Ibn-Tashfin lands at Algeciras, west of Gibraltar, and proceeds to march northward. 1086
Battle of Zalaca. Spain. Oct. 23, 1086
Ibn-Tashfin defeats Alfonso VI. Alfonso VI escapes back to Toledo.
24,000 Christian soldiers are killed. The Mohammedans cut the heads off the corpses.
Alfonso VI calls for Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar (“El Cid”) to help against Yusuf Yusuf Ibn-Tashfin.
Moslem rule of Yusuf Ibn-Tashfin in southern Spain. 1086-1106
The body of St. Nicholas of Myra (270-343) is taken from Myra in Asia Minor and brought to
Bari, Italy. 1087
Church of St. Nicholas of Bari, Italy. 1087-1089
This is the first significant Norman church that is built in Southern Italy.
The crypt contains the body of St. Nicolas of Myra (270-343).
The Church will be consecrated in 1089.
Urban II becomes Pope (1088-1099). 1088
Founding of the University of Bologna. ca.1088
Patzinak Turks settle between the Danube River and the Balkans. 1088
Flooding of Baghdad by an overflow of the Tigris River. 1088
Number of dead is unknown.
David IV. King of Georgia. 1089-1125
Abbey church at Vézelay. 1089
Abbey Church of Cluny (the third).
The greatest of all the Romanesque Churches. France. Begun. 1089
Will be completed in 1130. The Church will largely be destroyed by the French revolutionaries
during the French Revolution.
Gloucester Cathedral. England. Begun. 1089
Sancho Ramirez, King of Aragon, does homage as a papal vassal. 1089
Death of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury. May 1089
Canterbury will be vacant for four years.
First water driven mechanical clock is built by the Chinese (Peking). 1090
Berengar II, Count of Barcelona, does homage as a papal vassal. 1090
Constantinople. 1090
Continuous floods for months. Number of dead is unknown.
Bonizo of Sutri.
“Liber de Vita Christiana”. ca.1090
Provides a code of living for the Christian knight.
Ingo I. King of Sweden. 1090-1112
Hasan ibn al-Sabbah, acquires the mountain fortress of Alamat.
Takes the title of Sheikh al-Jabal.
He is the first “Old Man of the Mountain”.
Founds the Empire of Assassins sect in Persia. 1090
Henry IV wages war in Italy. 1090-1097
Roger Guiscard (son of Robert Guiscard).
Re-captures Malta from the Mohammedans. 1090
Ivo. Bishop of Chartres. 1090-1116
Birth of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 1091
Noto, the last Mohammedan stronghold in Sicily, is liberated by the Normans.
The Christians (Normans) complete the re-capture of all of Sicily from the Mohammedan
occupiers. 1091
The Normans under Roger Guiscard (c.1031-1101) began the re-capture of Sicily in 1061.
Sicily is now able to come back to the mainstream of European life, from which it had been
cut off during 264 years of Mohammedan rule.
The Mohammedans had captured Sicily in 827.
Christian reconquest of Corsica from the Mohammedans. 1091
Treaty of Caen. 1091
Between William II, Rufus, King of England, and Robert II, Duke of Normandy.
Alexius I Comnenus.
Defeats the Patzinaks by the river Leburnium. April 1091
Walcher of Malvern. English.
Observation of a lunar eclipse in Italy. 1091
Malcolm III, King of Scotland, invades England. 1091
Condemnation of Nominalism by the Catholic Church. 1092
Spain is under the control of the Almoravides (moslem). 1092
William II Rufus, King of England, conquers Cumberland, previously claimed by the Scottish. 1092
Carlisle Castle. Begun. 1092
Kilidy Arslan I. First Sultan of Rùm (Roum). 1092-1106
Mohammed (Mahmud) I. Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. 1092-1094
Death of Malik Shah I, Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. 1092
The Seljuk capital is moved from Iconium to Smyrna.
St. Anselm (1033-1109). Italian.
Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, England. 1093
Until his death in 1109.
Hugh le Gros.
Founds Benedictine Monastery. Chester, England. 1093
Durham Cathedral. 1093-1133
First Norman Cathedral in England.
Abbey Church of Maria Laach. Germany. 1093-1156
Great famine. England. 1093
Thousands perish.
Malcolm III, King of Scotland.
Killed near Alnwick during his attempted invasion of England. Nov. 1093
He is succeeded by his brother Donald Bane.
Rules 1093-1097.
Leaders of Scottish clans force St. Margaret of Scotland (1045-1093)
and her son Duncan II into exile. 1093
Death of St. Margaret of Scotland (1045-1093). November 16, 1093
Magnus II, “the Barefoot”. King of Norway. 1093-1103
Pilgrimage of Peter the Hermit to the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. 1093
Roscelin of Compiègne, whose Nominalism had previously led him to tritheism in theology,
abandons his views after a controversy with St. Anselm of Canterbury.
The Tritheistic Heresy is that there are three gods. 1093
Christian doctrine is that of the indivisible Trinity, one God (monotheism).
Raymond IV. Count of Toulouse. 1093-1105
Civil war temporarily breaks up the Seljuk Empire. 1094
Berkyaruq (Barkiarok). Fifth Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. 1094-1105
El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar).
Re-captures Valencia from the Mohammedans after a twenty month siege.
This is part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492). June 17,1094
Battle of Cuarte. Oct. 1094
The Almoravids under Yusuf Ibn-Tashfin leave Morocco and land near Valencia, Spain with an
army of over 50,000 Mohammedans.
The Mohammedans camp at Cuarte planning to starve the population of the city of Valencia.
Instead, El Cid attacks and the Mohammedans are forced to flee.
Completion of St. Mark’s Cathedral in Venice (begun 976). 1094
Anselm of Canterbury demands the return of Church properties that were confiscated by the
king of England after the death of Lanfranc, the previous Archbishop of Canterbury.
Marks the beginning of the dispute between William II, Rufus, King of England and St. Anselm,
the Archbishop of Canterbury. 1094
Pedro I. King of Aragon. 1094-1104
Pestilence in Europe. 1094
Alfonso VI (b.1030-d.1109) of León and Castile.
Alfonso VI gives the country of Portugal to Henry, Count of Burgundy (b.1057-d.1112). 1094
Henry of Burgundy. King of Portugal. 1094-1112
Portugal is ruled by the House of Burgundy. 1094-1383
Synod of Piacenza held by Pope Urban II. 1095
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, sends legates to Pope Urban II with a request for
military aid against the Seljuk Turks who have conquered nearly all of Asia Minor.
Council of Clermont (November 18-28). Nov. 27, 1095
Proclamation of the First Crusade by Pope Urban II.
Pope Urban II (pope: 1088-1099) convinces the knights and princes of the west by his famous
sermon to join in the Crusade (Deus lo volt = God wills it) in order to rescue the Holy Land from
the Moslems.
Jerusalem becomes the password, the white cross, the symbol.
Opening of the Era of the Crusades (1095-1291). 1095
Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, organizes the First Crusade. 1095
Hospital Brothers of St. Antony (Antonine Hospitallers), a congregation, is founded by Gaston
de Dauphiné, to care for pilgrims and invalids. 1095
This order is named after St. Antony the Great of Egypt (251-356).
Plague. London, England. Thousands perish. 1095
Plague throughout Ireland. Thousands perish. 1095
Loarre Castle. 1095
Romanesque style castle in Spain.
Eric I. King of Denmark. 1095-1103
Koloman. King of Hungary. 1095-1114
Koloman.
Conquest of Croatia and Dalmatia by the Hungarians. 1095
Arrival of Peter the Hermit at Cologne in western Germany on Holy Saturday April 12, 1096. 1096
About fifteen thousand people have already joined him.
Start of the First Crusade (1096-1099). 1096
The Normans are under Bohemund of Otranto (Taranto), the Provençals are under Raymond
IV of Count Toulouse, the Lorrainers are under Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, and
Baldwin of Flanders.
There will be no actual fighting, however, until 1097.
The People’s Crusade. 1096
About 500,000 people led by Peter the Hermit march to Constantinople. There they join forces
with Walter the Penniless (French knight).
The Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus ships them across the Bosphorus Sea to Asia Minor.
Massacre of the People’s Crusade. 1096
The first unorganized campaign is led by the hermit Peter of Amiens, who inspired the masses
by his crusading sermons.
Disintegration of the People’s Crusade under the attacks of the Bulgars and the Seljuk Turks.
Out of the original 500,000 people only 25,000 survive after the massacre.
Crusaders kill Jews at Trier, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne as they advance along the Main and
the Danube River. 1096
Persecution of the Jews takes place during the First Crusade. 1096-1099
The major accusations concern the Jewish rejection of Jesus Christ.
Nave of the Norwich Cathedral. England. 1096-1145
Anglo-Norman style of architecture.
St. Madeleine at Vézelay, France.
Large French Church (Cluniac Abbey). 1096-1132
Birth of Hugh of Saint-Victor (1096-1141). 1096
Battle of Huesca. 1096
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Pedro I of Aragon and Navarre attacks the fortress city of Huesca, which had been held by the Mohammedans since the eighth century.
The Christian army storms the city and successfully captures it.
Pedro I makes it his capital.
Organized army of Crusaders (700,000) led by the nobility of Europe arrive by different routes
at Constantinople. 1097
The Crusaders cross the Bosphorus Sea. 1097
Battle of Nicaea. May-June 1097
The Crusaders are commanded by a council of European leaders that include Bohemond, the
Norman prince of Taranto, Tancred, the nephew of Bohemund, Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond
IV of Toulouse, Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Hugh of Vermandois,
and Stephen of Blois.
The Crusaders breach the outer walls of the city on June 18.
The moslem garrison wisely surrenders to the Crusaders.
Crusaders present the city to Alexius I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor. The Crusaders take
back Nicaea, the chief Seljuk center in Asia Minor.
The French knight, Walter the Penniless is killed in the Battle of Nicaea.
Battle of Dorylaeum (First). June 30-July 1, 1097
First column of the army of Crusaders, of about 10,000 men under Bohemund of Taranto,
is ambushed by a huge army of 200,000 Seljuk Turks under the sultan Kilij Arslan I.
Raymond IV comes to the aid of Bohemund of Taranto with 60,000 Crusaders and they defeat
the Mohammedan army of the Seljuk Turks.
Victory of the Crusaders over the Seljuk Turks.
Plague and famine in Palestine and Egypt during the First Crusade. Sept.-Dec. 1097
40,000 perish.
Henry IV.
Returns from Italy to Germany. 1097
Edgar, the second son of Malcolm III, is King of Scotland. 1097-1107
His mother was St. Margaret of Scotland (1045-1093).
The main body of Crusaders camps before the enormous stronghold of Antioch, which bars
all progress south toward Jerusalem. 1097
Siege of Antioch by the Crusaders. 1097-1098
Lasts for eight months.
William II, Rufus, King of England, invades Wales. 1097
St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, is exiled from England (until 1100) after William II rejects
his claim that Church law overrides civil law. 1097
This is part of the Lay Investiture controversy.
Westminster Hall. London, England.
Huge royal hall. 1097-1099
Baldwin of Boulogne (c.1060-1118).
Captures the city of Edessa (Urfa), the greatest defense to the city of Jerusalem on the side
towards Mesopotamia. Mar. 1098
Baldwin of Boulogne makes Edessa the first Crusader state.
Crusaders take Antioch. June 1098
The Crusaders under Bohemund I of Taranto (son of Robert Guiscard) defeat the Seljuk Turks
and capture the great fortress at Antioch.
The Crusaders finally take the city of Antioch and the surrounding territory.
Bohemund I of Taranto, (son of Robert Guiscard) becomes the first ruler of the Principality of
Antioch, one of the most powerful Crusader states. 1098
Antioch survives until the Mameluk conquest (1268).
Bohemund I. Prince of Antioch. 1098
St. Robert of Molesmes (c.1024-1110).
Founds the Cistercian Order. 1098
Founds the first Cistercian monastery at Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium) on a wild remote site in
Burgundy, France.
The Cistercian Order is dedicated to a close observance of the rule of Saint Benedict of Nursia.
St. Stephen Harding (d.1134) and twenty other men are with St. Robert of Molesmes.
England is at war with France. 1098
The Fatimids come out of Egypt and take the city of Jerusalem from the Seljuk Turks. 1098
The Byzantine Empire and the Normans are at war in Asia Minor. 1098
Council of Bari. 1098
Pope Urban II fails an attempt to reconcile Eastern and Western churches.
St. Anselm of Canterbury is present and defends the Filioque clause of the Apostolic Creed
in the West-East controversy concerning the procession of the Holy Ghost.
The Greek and Latin churches had previously split in 1054.
Roger Guiscard leads an army against Amalfi and Capua. 1098
The Crusaders begin the long march from Antioch to the city of Jerusalem. Jan. 1099
The Crusaders are under Raymond IV of Toulouse, Robert of Normandy (the son of William
the Conqueror), Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert of Flanders, and Tancred of Taranto.
Bohemund stays behind to rule and protect Antioch.
Baldwin of Boulogne remains at Edessa.
Nicholas Prevost of Tours.
“Antidotarum.” 1098
Prepares a collection of 2650 medical prescriptions from Salerno, Italy.
The Christian army of 1200 knights and 11,000 foot soldiers reaches the walls of the city of
Jerusalem. June 7, 1099
The Crusader army camps before the walls of Jerusalem.
Jerusalem is fortified with an army of 40,000 well armed Mohammedans.
In addition, there are almost 30,000 other non-military persons on the side of the Mohammedans.
The Mohammedan garrison is under the command of Al-Musta’li, the Caliph of Cairo.
Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. July 15, 1099
The Crusaders, led by Godfrey of Bouillon, storm and capture
the city of Jerusalem after a five week siege.
By nightfall of July 15, almost 70,000 Mohammedans are dead.
Godfrey of Bouillon refuses the title of king but accepts the title of Prince and “Defender of
the Holy Sepulcher of Jesus Christ.”
The Crusaders succeed in gaining the Holy City of Jerusalem from the Mohammedans.
The Crusaders establish the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1099
The Crusaders will hold Jerusalem from 1099-1187 (88 years).
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem includes most of Syria.
Kilidj Arslan I, the Sultan of Rum, approaches Jerusalem with a great Egyptian army of 300,000
moslems in order to capture Jerusalem. 1099
They encamp at Ashkalon.
Battle of Ashkalon (Ascalon). August 19, 1099
Scarcely 20,000 Crusaders under Godfroi of Bouillon, Tancred of Taranto, and Robert of
Normandy, defeat 300,000 Egyptian Mohammedans under Kilidj Arslan I at Ashkalon near the
city of Jerusalem.
Kilidj Arslan I, the Sultan of Egypt, retreats.
The Crusaders return to Jerusalem.
The Crusaders set up the state of Tripoli in Lebanon, under Raymond IV of Toulouse. 1099
Death of “El Cid” (Rodrigo Diaz of Bivar) at Cuenca. July 10, 1099
El Cid dies after having fought off two assaults on Valencia by the Almoravid Mohammedans.
The Mohammedans immediately take Valencia.
Rains and floods in England bring famine, disease, tempests, and “bad air”. 1099
Thousands perish.
Synod at Rome renews the condemnation of Lay Investiture. 1099
Secular rulers cannot appoint bishops, etc.
Pope Paschal II. 1099-1118
Gerard de Martigues (d.1120), also known as Gerard Sasso. 1099
Becomes the first Grand Master of the Order of Knights Hospitaller (1099-1118).
Also known as the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.
Modena Cathedral. Italy. 1099-1184
Church sculpture is begun by Wiligelmo.
12th Century
Death of Godfrey of Bouillon. 1100
His brother Baldwin of Bouillon (c.1060-1118), Count of Edessa, is made Baldwin I, King of
Jerusalem. Baldwin I rules 1100-1118.
Battle of Melitene. 1100
Bohemond of Taranto (son of Robert Guiscard) and his men are ambushed and defeated by a
moslem force.
William II (Rufus), King of England, is murdered in New Forest. 1100
He is succeeded by Henry I, his brother, and the youngest son of William the Conqueror (1027-1087).
Henry I obtains the crown while his older brother Robert, Duke of Normandy, is away fighting
in the Crusades.
Beginning of the reign of Henry I, King of England. 1100
Henry I rules from 1100 until his death in 1135.
He recalls Anselm of Canterbury to England from exile on the Continent.
Henry I, King of England.
Issues Charter of Liberties. 1100
Church of St. Savin-sur-Gartempe, Poitou, France. 1100-1200
Painted with four cycles of paintings: apocalyptic scenes, scenes of the Passion of Jesus
Christ, lives of the saints, and Old Testament events.
Kelso Abbey, Scotland. 1100-1200
Finest Romanesque style church in Scotland (now ruined).
Sahagún Abbey, Spain. 1100-1200
Now a ruined Cluniac Abbey.
Caen Castle, France. ca.1100
Notre Dame du Port at Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Auvergne school of Romanesque architecture. 1099
Paray le Monial Abbey, France. ca.1100
Byzantine mosaic artists begun work on the Cathedral of St. Mark in Venice. ca.1100
Early mural paintings in Boyana Church, Sophia. in Bulgaria. ca.1100
Manufacture of paper in Constantinople. ca.1100
Baptistry, Florence. Built. 1100
“De Diversis Artibus” by the German Monk Theophilus. ca.1100-50
Presents a treatise on monastic religious craftsmanship.
Guimaraes Castle. Portugal. ca.1100
Romanesque style castle.
“Ex Semine Abrahae.” c.1100
Earliest known motet, written by an unknown composer.
St. Germain-des-Près. Paris, France. 1100
Painted with four cycles of paintings: scenes from the Old Testament, scenes of the Passion
of Jesus Christ, scenes from the lives of the saints, and scenes from the Apocalypse (Book
of Revelations).
Death of Roger I (Roger Guiscard) of Sicily. 1101
He is 70 years old (c.1031-1101).
Roger II comes to the throne. Roger II rules as King of Sicily 1101-1154.
Death of Saint Bruno of Cologne (c.1030-1101). October 6, 1101
Robert II, Duke of Normandy, older brother of Henry I, King of England, invades England. 1101
Robert II of Normandy attempts to take the English throne.
Henry I of England defeats his brother Robert, Duke of Normandy.
Battle of Mersivan. 1101
(Part of the First Crusade).
An entire column of men, women, and children, are wiped out by a moslem force.
Treaty of Alton. 1101
Robert II, Duke of Normandy, is bought off after his invasion of England.
Fontevraud Abbey. France. 1101
Romanesque style church.
Battle of Ramleh (First). Sept. 7, 1101
Baldwin I of Jerusalem defeats moslem army led by the Caliph of Cairo at Ramleh, a key
fortress that is located on the road from Jerusalem to the coast.
Boleslav III. King of Poland. 1102-1138
Invasion of Ireland by Magnus II, King of Norway. Magnus is killed. 1103
Sigurd I Jorsalafare, the Crusader. King of Norway. 1103-1130
Rules from 1103-1122 with his brother Eystein I.
Henry I. King of England.
Invades Normandy. 1103-1106
Eric, King of Denmark, goes on pilgrimage to the East. 1103
Niels. King of Denmark. 1103-1134
St. Anselm (b.1033-d.1109), Archbishop of Canterbury.
Opposes Henry I of England in the Lay Investiture struggle. 1103-1107
Henry I of England seeks to appoint his own bishops.
Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire. 1103-1107
Baldwin I of Jerusalem lays siege to Acre.
Acre surrenders to the Crusaders under Baldwin I. May 26, 1104
Baldwin I takes Beirut and Sidon and repulses Mohammedan counterattacks.
Bohemond (d.1111), Prince of Antioch.
Wages war in Epirus against the Byzantine Empire. 1104-1108
The papacy has built a powerful coalition of German nobles, led by Henry IV’s son (soon to
be Henry V) against Henry IV (pro lay investiture) and his anti-pope Clement III. 1104
Church of St. Madeleine, Vézelay, France. 1104-1132
Sculpture was considered part of the Church architecture.
Mohammed (aka Tapar). Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. 1104-1116
Crusader Raymond of Toulouse besieges Tripoli (now in Lebanon).
Siege continues after the death of Raymond (1105). 1104
Pope Paschal II absolves Philip I, King of France. 1104
End of the conflict between Philip I, King of France and Pope Paschal II of the Catholic Church.
Alfonso I. King of Aragon. 1104-1134
Angoulême Cathedral. Built. 1105
Emperor Henry IV is captured by his son Henry V (b.1081-d.1125) and abdicates.
Henry IV’s son drives him to Liège, the last city in all of his dominions that is loyal to him. 1105
Flood followed by famine and plague devastates England.
Number of deaths is unknown. 1105
Battle of Tinchebrai. Sept. 28, 1106
Between the English under Henry I, King of England, and the Normans under his older brother
Robert II, Duke of Normandy.
Robert II, Duke of Normandy, is totally defeated.
Henry I conquers and annexes Normandy to the crown of England.
Henry I brings Normandy back under English control again.
Robert II (1056-1134) is imprisoned at Cardiff for the rest of his life.
Death of Henry IV (b.1050-d.1106). 1106
Henry IV is succeeded by his son Henry V (b.1081-d.1125), Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor of
Germany, and King of Italy.
Henry V rules 1106-1125.
Henry V will be the last emperor of the Salian (or Salic) Dynasty that began with Conrad IV in 1024.
Barren lands cause more famine, plague, and disease in England. 1106
Thousands perish.
Abbot Daniil. Russian.
Writes a prose description of his pilgrimage to Palestine and the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem
(“The Pilgrimage of Abbot Daniil”). 1106-1108
He meets Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
Sigurd I Jorsalafare, “the Crusader”, King of Norway (King: 1103-1130).
Sails as a Crusader (1107-1111) with sixty ships via England, Spain, and Sicily, to Palestine to
help take back from the Moslems the Holy Sepulchre of Jesus Christ in Jerusalem.
He fights the moslems at every opportunity.
Sigurd then leads the remainder of his band to Constantinople, and then overland through the
Balkans, Germany, Denmark, and then back to Norway. 1107
A compromise on Lay Investiture is reached in England. 1107
Byzantine-Norman War. 1107-1108
Death of Edgar, King of Scotland. 1107
He is succeeded by his brother Alexander I (rules 1107-1124).
The Normans in Asia Minor make peace with the Byzantine Empire. 1108
Death of Philip I, King of France.
He is succeeded by Louis VI as King of France. 1108
Louis VI rules 1108-1137.
German Emperor Henry V (Heinrich) attacks Hungary. 1108
Beginnings of the influential abbey and school of St. Victor. 1108
Battle of Naklo. 1109
Boleslav III, Polish King, crushes the Pomeranians at Naklo.
Boleslav III, King of Poland, halts German Emperor Heinrich V’s advance at the Battle of
Hundsfeld. 1109
Tripoli, besieged since 1104, is finally liberated by the Crusaders. 1109
Tripoli is made an independent principality under the Count of Toulouse.
Anglo-French War. 1109-1113
Louis VI, the Fat, King of France, is at war with Henry I, King of England, over Normandy.
Death of Saint Anselm (1033-1109), Archbishop of Canterbury, in England. April 21, 1109
Canterbury will be vacant for five years.
Pontius is Abbot of Cluny. 1109-1122
Fulk V, the Young (b.1092-d.1143).
Count of Anjou. 1109-1131
Henry (Heinrich) V. German Emperor.
Reestablishes supremacy of the Empire over Bohemia. 1110
Heinrich V, German Emperor, invades Italy. 1110
Nestov. Kiev monk.
“The Nestov Chronicle.” c.1110
An important account of Slav and Russian history between 1040 and 1110.
Death of Bohemund (Norman) of Tarantro (and Antioch). 1111
Treaty of Sutri. Feb. 4, 1111
Henry V stops his demands of dealing with Lay Investiture.
Lay Investiture Conflict between Heinrich V and Pope Paschal II.
Emperor Henry V seizes Pope Paschal II and throws him
into prison without food and forces him to acknowledge imperial demands of the emperor,
is the right of Lay Investiture. Feb.12,1111
Paschal II of course will reject these demands once he is free of Henry V.
Plague follows winter famine in London, England. 1111
Thousands perish.
Treachery of Alexius I Comnenus, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
Sends an envoy to meet with the Caliph of Baghdad in order to convince him to attack the
Crusader principality of Tancred. 1111
A group of thirty horseman led by a young noble appear at the Abbey of Cîteaux (Cistercian
Order). His name is Bernard (1090-1153). 1112
Bernard brings with him his uncle, his four brothers, and 25 friends, to enter into the Cistercian
Order with him.
They are all received by St. Stephen Harding (d.1134).
Bernard and the others enter the Abbey of Cîteaux.
Bernard is only twenty two years old.
Synod of Vienne. Sept. 1112
Henry V is excommunicated because of his persistence in demanding the rights of Lay
Investiture.
Adelard of Bath. English monastic.
“Questiones naturales (“Questions on Natural Science”). c. 1112
A long dialogue covering many of the sciences.
Covers topics in physics, optics, acoustics, meteorology, biology, and botany.
Tancred of Taranto dies. 1112
City of Angkor Vat. Cambodia. 1112-1150
Includes colossal funerary building.
Order of Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. 1113
The Order is formed to protect the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The Order is formally acknowledged by Pope Paschal II.
Gerard de Martigues (also known as Gerard Sasso) has been the first Grand Master of the
Knights Hospitaller Order since 1099.
Founding of St. Nicholas, Novgorod. 1113
Conquest of the Balearic Islands by Pisa. 1113
Reign of Vladimir II Monomach of Russia. Grand Duke of Kiev. 1113-1125
Wrote his “Testament,” his autobiography.
Earthquake. Syria. 1114
Destruction of Jerusalem, Antioch, Aleppo, and many other cities by earthquake.
Thousands are killed.
Burning of heretics in Strassburg. 1114
Founding of Chichester Cathedral. 1114
Marriage of Emperor Henry V with Matilda, the daughter of Henry I, King of England. 1114
Ralph (Ralf) of Escures. Archbishop of Canterbury. 1114-1123
Adelard of Bath. English monastic.
Translates the “Elements of Geometry” of Euclid from Arabic to Latin. c.1120
St. Norbert of Xanten (c.1080-1134).
Conversion in 1113. Ordained in 1115. 1115
Florence becomes a free republic. 1115
Hugh of St. Victor (1096-1141).
Goes to the monastery of St. Victor in Paris. c.1115
He will spend the rest of his life there.
Stephen II. King of Hungary. 1115-1131
Peter Abélard. French logician and dialectician.
Teaches at Paris, and begins his argument that the Scriptures should be subject to the scrutiny
of human reason. 1115
Saint Bernard is sent with twelve monks to found one of the first Cistercian daughter houses
in the Vale of Wormwood, a desolate location which he renames Clairvaux. 1115
Saint Bernard becomes the first Abbot of Clairvaux (1115-1153).
Bernard inaugurates reform of the Cistercian Order.
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor.
Defeats the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Philomelion in central Asia Minor. 1116
He recovers some of Anatolia.
Founding of the University of Bologna in Italy. 1116
Henry I, King of England.
England is at war again with Louis VI, King of France, over Normandy. 1116-1120
Heinrich V.
Enters into Italy, seizes Tuscany and other lands of Matilda (d.1115) of Tuscany. 1116
Sandjar. Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. 1116-1157
Great famine. Ireland. 1116
Thousands perish.
Peter of Bruys (Bruis). French heresiarch.
Opposes the building of churches, rejects the Real Presence of the Eucharist, rejects the
Old Testament, rejects the celibacy of the priesthood, and seeks to abolish the Mass
(Petrobrusian Heresy). 1117-1131
Death of St. Bernard of Thiron (also known as Bernard of Abbeville).
Benedictine Order (b.1046-d.1117). April 14, 1117
St. Michele. Pavia, Italy. c.1117-1168
Lombard Romanesque style of architecture.
Terrible famine in England. 1117
Caused by incessant rain. Thousands perish.
Heinrich V, German emperor, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. March 1117
The pope, on a visit to Toulouse, calls for the liberation of the city of Saragossa, Spain from the moslems. 1118
600 French knights led by Gaston “the Crusader”, just back from Jerusalem, set out for Spain
and help Alfonso I, “the Battler”, to liberate the Spanish city of Saragossa from the moslems.
Battle of Saragossa. 1118
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Alfonso I, “the Battler”, of Aragon leads the Christian forces in the re-capture of the moslem
occupied state of Saragossa.
St. Bernard of Clairvaux.
Founds Trois Fontaines (monastery). 1118
Heinrich V, Holy Roman Emperor.
Forces Pope Gelasius II to leave the city of Rome. 1118
Pope Gelasius II excommunicates Emperor Heinrich V. April 1118
Peter Abélard begins to teach at Paris. 1118
Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor, dies. 1118
John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor. 1118-1143
Hugues de Payens (c.1070-1136). Burgundian Knight.
Receives from the king of the Latins a residence near the Temple of Solomon at Jerusalem.
Founds the Crusader Order of Knights Templar (Knights of the Temple) at Jerusalem.
He is the first Master of the Templar Order (1119-1136). 1118
He founds the Templar Order with nine knights.
The Templar Order is founded to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land that are on the road to the
city of Jerusalem.
Death of Baldwin I (Baldwin of Bouillon). 1118
Baldwin II. King of Jerusalem (d.1131). 1118-1131
Pope Calixtus (Calixtinus) II. 1119-1124
Henry I, King of England.
Assures England’s hold on Normandy by defeating Louis VI, King of France at the Battle
of Brémule. August 20, 1119
Saint William of Vercelli (1085-1142).
Founds the “Congregation of Monte Vergine.”
This is a branch of the Benedictine Order of Saint Benedict. 1119
Charles the Good. Count of Flanders. 1119-1127
St. Stephen Harding (d.1134).
Writes the “Charter of Love,” which is accepted as the new rule of the order, now called the
Cistercian Order. 1119
Crusader-Turkish Wars. 1119-1144
Peace between Henry I, King of England, and Louis VI, King of France. 1120
The “White Ship” disaster. 1120
William, the only legitimate son of Henry I, King of England, drowns off of Harfleur in a shipwreck.
Henry I is now left without an heir.
Romsey Abbey, England. Begun. 1120
St. Norbert of Xanten (c.1080-1134).
Founds with thirteen followers a house of regular canons.
He calls the place Prémontré (Pratum Monstratum) through its indication to him by an angel. 1120
Autun Cathedral, France. 1120-1140
Burgundian church.
Peter Abelard. “On the Divine Unity and Trinity.” 1120
Famine. Jerusalem. 1120
With a plague of locusts. Thousands perish.
David IV, King of Georgia (rules 1089-1125).
Liberates Tbilisi (Tiflis) from the moslems. 1121
Meeting of the German princes at Würzburg in order to make a compromise between the Pope
and Emperor Henry V. 1121
The Anti-pope of Henry V, Gregory VIII, is finally imprisoned and put in a monastery. 1121
St. Bernard of Clairvaux.
Founds monastery at Foigny. 1121
Saint Norbert of Xanten (c.1080-1134).
His group increases to forty followers.
The Canons Regular of Prémontré (Praemonstratensians) are formally founded. 1121
Synod of Soissons. 1121
Condemnation (first) of Abélard’s teachings on the Indivisible Trinity.
Long and cruel frost brings great famine in England. 1121-1122
Thousands perish.
Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus (son of Alexius I Comnenus).
Recovers much of south western Asia Minor from the Seljuk Turks. 1121
Henry I, King of England (1068-1135).
Leads an army into Wales in order to suppress a rebellion there.
Henry I reaffirms the authority of England over Wales. 1121
Byzantine victory ends a threat of invasion by the Patzinak Turks, a nomadic Turkish people.
Virtual extermination of the Patzinak Turks by the Byzantines. 1122
Synod of Worms. 1122
Synod of German bishops called at Worms to settle the Lay Investiture controversy between
Heinrich V and Pope Calixtus II.
The Synod formulates the Concordat of Worms (Pactum Callixtinum), between Pope Calixtus II
and Henry V, concerning the Lay Investiture question (the dispute over the appointment of bishops).
Lay Investiture is the appointment of bishops and other ecclesiastical officials in the Catholic
Church by king and even lords instead of popes.
Henry V is forced to accept a compromise measure.
Confraternity of Belchite. 1122
Established in order to liberate the Aragonese city of that name from the Mohammedans.
Piacenza Cathedral. 1122
Peter Abelard (1079-1142). French logician and dialectician.
“Sic et non” (“Yes and No”). 1122
Emphasizes the use of reason and analysis.
St. Zeno Maggiore. Verona, Italy. 1123-1138
Lombard church.
Terrible weather causes famine and plague in France and Germany. Thousands perish. 1123-1024
Boleslav III of Poland has absorbed Pomerania. 1123
Founding of St. Bartholomew’s hospital, London. 1123
Ninth General Church Council. 1123
First Lateran Council. Ratifies the Concordat (Diet) of Worms (1122).
Reaffirms the celibacy of the priesthood.
Byzantine Emperor, John II Comnenus, defeats the Serbs. 1123
John II Comnenus. Byzantine Emperor.
Defeats the Hungarians. 1124
Completion of Rochester Cathedral, England. 1124
Pope Honorius II. 1124-1130
Death of Alexander I, King of Scotland. 1124
He is succeeded by his younger brother, David I (b.1084-d.1153), as King of Scotland. David I
rules 1124-1153.
Saint Norbert of Xanten (b.c.1080-1134).
Successfully opposes the heresy of Tranchelm of Antwerp. 1124
Louis VI, the Fat, King of France, repulses an invasion by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. 1124
Henry V was aiding Henry I, King of England.
Otto, Bishop of Bamberg.
First mission to the Pomeranians. 1124
Second mission, 1227. Begins the conversion from paganism to Christianity of the Pomeranians.
Alfonso I, “the Battler”.
Marches south, all the way to the moslem controlled Malaga, leading his Aragonese army and
French knights, then turns around and returns to Saragossa. He takes with him over 10,000
Christian families of Andalusia back to Christendom. 1125
Saint Norbert of Xanten (b.c.1080-1134).
Receives papal approval for his constitutions of the Canons Regular of Prémontré
(Premonstratensians) from Pope Honorius II. 1125
St. Front, Périgueux. Built. ca.1125-1150
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
“On the Steps of Humility and Pride.” 1125
Gislebertus. Sculptor.
Sculpts the whole of Autun Cathedral in France.
He is allowed to sign his work. ca.1125-1135
Death of Heinrich V, the last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire that is of the Salian Dynasty
(founded 1024). 1125
He leaves no direct heir. End of the Salian line.
Lothar (Lothair) II of Saxony.
Elected Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany over rival claimants. 1125
Lothar II rules 1125-1137.
Civil War between the Welfs (Lothair’s supporters) and the Waiblingers (supporters of the
Hohenstaufen family which claim the throne on the basis of heredity). 1125-1135
Moissac Abbey. France. 1125-1130
Alexander Neckam.
“De Utensilibus.” 1125
Provides the earliest account of the mariner’s compass.
La Charité-sur-Loire Abbey. France. Built. 1125-1130
Fall of Morocco to the Almohades (moslem). 1125
Almohad Dynasty (1125-1212), founded by Ibn Tumart, comes to power in Morocco (until 1169). 1125
William of Malmesbury (c.1090-1143). English historian.
“Gesta Regum Anglorum.”
(“Deeds of the English Kings”). From 449-1128. 1125
Peter of Bruis (or Bruys), a French student of Peter Abelard, is burned as a heretic. c.1126
He sought to abolish the Mass.
St. Norbert of Xanten (b.c.1080-1134).
Returns to Germany.
He is appointed Archbishop of Magdeburg by Emperor Lothair II. 1126
Alfonso VII. King of León and Castile. 1126-1157
The English barons accept Matilda, the widow of Emperor Henry V and daughter of Henry I,
King of England, as the successor to Henry I. 1126
Adelard of Bath. English philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician.
Translates the “Astronomical Tables” of Al-Khowarizmi (c.780-c.850) from Arabic into Latin. 1126
Raymond of Sauvetât.
Becomes Archbishop of Toledo, Spain.
Founds the school of translators at Toledo. 1126
Famine. England. 1126
Incessant summer rains cause great scarcity of food.
Tartars establish Ch’in Dynasty in north eastern China. 1126
Chin Tartars overcome the Sung court, which flees south from Honan. 1127
William of Malmesbury (c.1090-1143). English historian.
“Gesta Pontificum Anglorum”. c.1127
(‘Deeds of the English Bishops”). Begins at the year 597.
Chapel of St. Cormac (d.908), chapel Cashel of Kings, Ireland. 1127-1134
Example of Romanesque style architecture in Ireland.
Stephen of Antioch.
Translates “Liber regalis” of Haly Abbas. 1127
This is an early encyclopedia of medicine.
Imadeddin Zengi, ruler of Mosul. 1127-1146
Roger II of Sicily.
Pope Honorius II invests Roger II with Apulia, Italy.
Roger II becomes Duke of Apulia. Aug. 1128
David I, King of Scotland.
Founds Holyrood Abbey. 1128
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
Founds Igny Monastery (March) and Reigny Monastery (September). 1128
Beginning of the development of land reclamation and road making by Christian monks in
England. 1128
Hugues de Payens (c.1070-1136).
Obtains from the pope the confirmation of the original rule of his Order of Knights Templars
(the Templar Order). 1128
Alfonso I Henriques, son of Henry II of Burgundy, seizes power in Portugal. 1128
Rules 1128-1185.
Paris is struck by a terrible epidemic. 1129
Reputedly ended through the intercession of St. Genevieve (c.422-500).
Empress Matilda, the widow of Henry V, marries Geoffrey the Handsome, Count Fulk of Anjou,
called “Plantagenet.” 1129
Abbé Suger. Abbot of St. Denis.
Begins construction on the abbey church of St. Denis, the first Gothic Church (with flying
buttresses). 1129
Gothic architecture will spread through the Ile de France and from there throughout all of Europe.
Swerker I. King of Sweden. 1129-1155
Adelard of Bath. English.
Translates “Liber ysagogarum Alchorismi in artem Astronomicon” of Al-Khowarizmi from
Arabic into Latin. c.1129
This work is on arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy.
Roger II (The Great), Count of Sicily (1101-1130).
Coronation of Roger as King of Sicily, Calabria, and Apulia.
Sicily becomes a kingdom. 1130
Roger II rules (1130-d.1154) one of the most advanced unified kingdoms
of the time.
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
Supports Innocent II in becoming pope. 1130
Pope Innocent II. 1130-1143
Death of St. Isidore the Laborer (1070-1130). May 15, 1130
Cardinal Pierleone is illegally elected anti-pope Anacletus II. 1130
Ibn Tumart.
The founder of the Almohade Dynasty, dies a violent death in battle.v 1130
Stavanger Cathedral. Norway. Begun. 1130
Harold IV Magnusson. King of Norway. 1130-1136
Houdan Castle, France. 1130
New Church of Sant’Ambrogio, Milan. 1130
Rochester Castle, England. ca.1130
Notre-Dame-la-Grand at Poitier, France. ca.1130
Great famine in Rome, Italy. 1130-1031
Tintern Abbey. Cistercian monastery built in England. 1131
Ava. German author.
Writes a 2500 line poem on the Last Judgement. c.1130
Bela II. King of Hungary. 1131-1141
Urgel Cathedral. Spain. 1131-1175
Catalonian church that demonstrates the influence and work of Lombard masons in Spain.
Fulk the Young (Fulk of Anjou). King of Jerusalem. 1131-1143
Palermo Palatine Chapel, Sicily. 1132-1143
Combination of Norman, Byzantine, Islamic, and Egyptian styles of art.
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
Founds Rievaulx monastery in Yorkshire, England. 1132
St. Bernard sends a Cistercian colony to Spain (Moruela) in 1132.
Fontains Abbey.
Founded in Yorkshire, England. 1132
Gaston the Crusader, Prince of Béarn, is killed. 1131
St. Norbert of Xanten (b.c.1080-1134).
Persuades Emperor Lothair II to lead an army, which he accompanies, to Rome in order to
place Innocent II on the papal throne. 1132-1133
Death of St. Hugh of Grenoble (1052-1132). April 1, 1132
Lothair II is crowned emperor after invading Italy (1132-33) to support Innocent II against the
rival Anti-pope. 1133
Death of Saint Norbert of Xanten (b.c.1080-1134) at Magdeburg, Saxony. June 6,1134
Death of St. Stephen Harding (Cisterian Order). 1134
The Mohammedans defeat and kill Alfonso of Navarre and Aragon at Fraga. 1134
Robert II (1056-1134) of Normandy, brother of Henry I, King of England, dies in prison after
being held captive since 1106. 1134
Ramiro II, the Monk. 1134-1137
King of Navarre.
Eric II, King of Denmark.
Leads an expedition against Rügen. 1134
He successfully besieges the fortress of Arkona, which is the cult center of the pagan god
Svantovit.
After Eric II returns to Denmark, the people revert back to paganism and the worship of their
pagan god.
Council of Pisa is called by Pope Innocent II. May-June 1135
Excommunicates the Anti-pope Anacletus II.
The “Kaiserchronik.” 1135-1150
This is the first major history of Germany.
Written by the Christian monks of Regensburg.
Drought followed by famine and disease throughout England. 1135-1137
Death of Henry I, King of England. 1135
Stephen of Blois, Henry’s nephew and a grandson of William the Conqueror, seizes the throne
of England, ignoring the claim of Henry I’s daughter Matilda (see 1126).
Stephen of Blois is the last Norman king of England.
Rules 1135 until his death in 1154.
Western façade of Chartres Cathedral, France. Built . 1135-1150
Gothic style architecture.
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
“Sermones super Cantica Canticorum.” Written. 1135-1138
Series of sermons on the “Song of Songs” (from the Old Testament).
Church of St. Gilles-du-Gard. France. c.1135-1195
Matilda (the daughter and heiress of Henry I, King of England) asserts her right to the throne
of England. 1136
Second Italian expedition of Lothar II. 1136-1137
Invasion of Southern Italy and conquest of Apulia by Lothar II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Robert de Craon.
Second Grand Master of the Templar Order. 1136-1147
Heiligenkreuz. German Cistercian monastery. 1136
Geoffrey of Monmouth (1100-1155). Wales.
“Historia Regum Britanniae.” Completed. c.1136
Welsh forces defeat the English. 1136
The Welsh rise up against the Norman occupying force and drive them from Wales.
Sigurd II Haraldsson, King of Norway. 1136-1155
Completion of Mainz Cathedral. 1137
Rochester Cathedral burns down. It will be rebuilt. 1137
Earthquake. Catania, Sicily. 1137
Earthquake accompanied by volcanic eruption of Mt. Etna.
12,000 perish.
Death of Louis VI, King of France. 1137
He is succeeded by his son Louis VII (rules 1137-1180).
Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Louis VII, King of France.
Aquitaine is joined to France. 1137
Death of Lothair (Lothar) II. 1137
Conrad III, Holy Roman Emperor. 1138-1152
First King of the House of Hohenstaufen.
Hohenstaufen rulers of the Holy Roman Empire will rule from 1138-1254.
Death of Boleslav III, King of Poland. 1138
Divided his realm among his six sons.
Ladislaus II, King of Poland from 1138-1146.
A False Messiah appears in France and Persia. 1138
David I of Scotland invades England on behalf of Matilda. 1138
Battle of the Standard. Aug. 22, 1138
Stephen, King of England, defeats the Scottish King David I near Northallerton.
Sung Dynasty (960-1279) capital shifts from Nanking to Hang Chau. 1138
Matilda lands in England (Arundel).
Matilda (daughter and heiress of Henry I, dispossessed by her nephew Stephen of Blois)
invades England. 1139
Civil war in England over the succession to Henry I will continue to 1153.
Reign of Andrew Bogolubsky in Russia. 1139-1174
Pope Innocent II. Excommunicates Roger II of Sicily. 1139
Tenth General Church Council. Second Lateran Council. 1139
Ends the schism in the Catholic Church following the illegal election of the anti-pope
Anacletus II as rival to Innocent II.
Innocent II is pope.
Repeats the requirement of the celibacy of the priesthood.
Battle of Ourique. 1139
Alfonso Henriques of Portugal, son of Henry of Burgundy, defeats the Almoravid Mohammedans
at the Battle of Ourique, Portugal.
Crowns himself king of an independent Portugal. Rules until 1185.
Portuguese Wars against Mohammedan occupation of Portugal. 1139-1492
Theobald. Archbishop of Canterbury (d.1161). 1138-1161
Fontenay Abbey, France.
Cistercian Abbey. Construction. 1139-1149
All of the inhabitants of the Mohammedan city of Gansana, Peria are buried by a terrible
earthquake. 1139
Bavaria falls to Austria. 1139
Roger II of Sicily. Captures Pope Innocent II. July 1139
Forces recognition of Roger’s territorial claims.
Pontigny Abbey. France. 1140
Cistercian Church (later will be destroyed).
Sens Cathedral. France. ca.1140
Gothic style of architecture.
Christ Church Cathedral. Dublin, Ireland. ca.1140
Gratian.
“Decretum.” (Concordia Discordantium Canonum). c.1140
(“Concordance of Discordant Canons”).
Provides the first systematic compilation of canon law.
Canon Law is the law of the Roman Catholic Church.
Canon law is one of the two categories of statute law, the other is civil law.
Completion of the Church of Saints Maria and Donato. Murano, Italy. 1140
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
Begins preaching in public. 1140
Poema de Mio Cid. c.1140
Earliest surviving Spanish epic poem based on the life of El Cid.
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux.
Meets Peter Abelard in a debate at the Council of Sens. 1140
This is the second condemnation of the heresies of Peter Abelard (1079-1142).
Aragon unites with Catalonia (the state whose center is Barcelona). 1140
This is the Spanish March of Charlemagne’s time.
Vladislav II of Bohemia. 1140-1173
Battle of Lincoln. 1141
Matilda captures Stephen of Blois. Proclaimed queen at Winchester.
Matilda reigns disastrously as queen of England for six months.
She is finally driven out by a popular uprising.
Stephen of Blois is soon restored to the throne of England.
Geza II. King of Hungary. 1141-1161
Hildegarde of Bingen (1098-1179). Benedictine Order.
“Scrivias.” Written. 1141-1151
St. Elizabeth of Schönau (1126-1164). Enters the Benedictine monastery of Schönau near Bingen. 1141
She is twelve years old at the time.
She will live there until her death in 1164.
Beginning of a decade of famine and disease in England. 1141
Thousands perish.
St. Aelred (1109-1167).
Becomes abbot of Revesby and Rievaulx (1147). 1142
.
Death of St. William of Vercelli (1085-1142). June 25, 1142
St. Peter of Tarentaise (1102-1175).
Becomes Archbishop of Tarentaise. 1142
Ordericus Vitalis (1075-1142). Norman monk in France.
Writes his “Historia Ecclesiastica.” 1141
Death of Peter Abélard (1079-1142) at Cluny. 1142
He dies while he is on his way to Rome to appeal his condemnation for heresy.
Castle of Krak des Chevaliers. Syria. 1142
One of several Crusader castles, built in the Near East (now destroyed).
Arrival of the Cistercian Order in Sweden and Denmark. 1143
Treaty of Zamora. 1143
Alfonso Henriques is recognized by Spain, as King of Portugal (to 1185).
Portugal becomes an independent Kingdom.
Portugal is independent of Spain.
Manuel I Comnenus. Byzantine Emperor. 1143 -1180
Presence of the first Cathars (Catharism) in western Europe is first securely attested at
Cologne. 1143
Baldwin III. King of Jerusalem. 1143-1162
Consecration of the Abbey Church of Saint Denis, Paris. 1144
Construction is supervised by Abbot Suger of St. Denis.
Alfonso VII of Castile. 1144
Continues the Christian reconquest of Spain from the moslems.
Almohades (Mohammedan) begin to plan the destruction of the Almoravide (Mohammedan)
force in North Africa. 1144
Fall of Edessa. Dec. 25, 1144
Recapture of Edessa (in Asia Minor) from the Crusaders by Mohammedans led by Imadeddin
Zenkis (Turkish conqueror of Syria), the Emir of Mosul and Aleppo.
The fortress was ruled by Joscelin II.
The Turks kill 30,000 of the inhabitants and carry 16,000 into slavery.
Louis VII, King of France, is forced to submit to the pope. 1144
Geoffrey Plantagenet (“the Handsome”), Count of Anjou.
Conquers Normandy. He is made Duke of Normandy. 1144 He will later give this important
territory to his son Henry of Anjou, who will be Henry of Anjou, later Henry II, King of England.
Pietro Paganelli is unexpectedly elected Pope. Feb. 1145
He takes the name Eugenius III (1145-1153).
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
Asked by the papal legate to go to Languedoc in southern France in order to combat the
Albigensian Heresy (Albigensianism). 1145
Stephen of Blois, King of England, splits his rival Matilda’s forces. 1145
The Almohade Mohammedans (a Berber dynasty) begin their invasion of Spain (until 1151). 1145
They defeat the Almoravides.
The Almoravids take Tlemcen in Algeria from the Almohades. 1145
The Almoravid leader, Abd el-Mumen slaughters thousands of his
enemies in an act of revenge.
Emergence of the important school of medicine at Montpellier, France. 1145
Otto of Freising (1114-1158).
“Chronica de duabus civitatibus”. 1145
(“Chronicle of the History of the Two Cities”). Begun 1143.
First authentic mention of Prester John. 1145
He is mentioned by Otto of Freising in his “Chronica” (“Chronicle”).
Robert of Chester.
Translates the “Algebra” of Al-Khwarizmi from Arabic into Latin. 1145
Noyon Cathedral, France. 1145
Pope Eugenius III.
Proclamation at Vezelay of the Second Crusade. 1146
Caused by the conquest of Edessa by the Mohammedans in 1144.
Alphonso VII of Castile.
Recaptures the city of Cordoba from the moslems. 1146
This is part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153).
At the request of Eugenius III, he preaches a crusade against the Turks, who had captured
Edessa on Christmas Day 1144. 1146
Boleslaus IV (a son of Boleslaus III). King of Poland. 1146-1173
Assassination of Imadad-Din Zenki (the Turkish conqueror of Syria) by one of his own servants. 1146
Nureddin. Sultan of Syria. 1146-1174
The Almohads invade al-Andalus and defeat the Almoravids. 1146
Start of the Second Crusade (1147-1148). 1147
Following an appeal by St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the Second Crusade is led by Louis VII,
King of France and Conrad III of Germany. April 1147
140,000 French and Germans led by the Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad III and Louis VII,
King of France, depart for Constantinople.
Through jealousy of Western military successes, Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus
treacherously causes the Crusading army to be misled through wastelands and trackless
regions. 1147
Due to hunger hunger, exposure, and the sword of the Turk, a large number of the Crusaders perish.
Everard des Barres.
Third Grand Master of the Order of Knights Templar. 1147-1151
Battle of Dorylaeum (Second). October 1147
German crusaders under Conrad III are nearly destroyed in a surprise attack by Turkish
archers at Dorylaeum.
French Crusaders are nearly destroyed by the Mohammedans. 1147
Alfonso I of Portugal.
Marches from Coimbra at the head of a force of Knights Templar, takes and occupies Santarem. 1147
Alfonso I of Portugal.
In a spectacular attack by land and sea, he besieges and captures Lisbon from the Almoravids. 1147
Christians recapture Lisbon from the Mohammedans.
Final expulsion of the Mohammedans from the city of Lisbon.
This is part of the Portuguese Reconquista.
This event marks the culmination of the Portuguese Reconquista of Portugal from the moslem occupiers.
Lisbon is proclaimed the capital of Portugal.
Founding of the Catholic Kingdom of Portugal. 1147
Lisbon Cathedral is begun. 1147
Alfonso VII of Castile. 1147
Recaptures Almería, Spain from the Mohammedans.
This is part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Anselm of Havelberg, Saxon Bishop.
Leads the Wendish Crusade (1147-1185). 1147
Heinrich the Lion, Saxon King, participates in the Crusade against the pagan Wends.
Danish fleets and Saxon armies attack Nyklot, the Wend leader who surrenders at Dobin.
The Wends are forced to release all of their Christian captives.
The Christian army burns down one of their pagan temples.
Founding of Moscow (first mention of Moscow). 1147
Roger II of Sicily's Norman fleets ravage parts of Byzantine Empire. 1147
Geoffrey of Monmouth (1100-1155). Wales. 1147
“Historia regum Britanniae”.
(“History of the Kings of Britain”).
Otto of Freising (1114-1158).
“Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris”. c.1147
(“The Deeds of Emperor Frederick I”).
St. Hildegarde of Bingen (1098-1179).
Founds convent at Rupertsberg,near Bingen. c.1147
Second Crusade (1147-1148).
Crusaders under Louis VII, King of France, and Conrad III of the Holy Roman Empire, join
forces with Baldwin III of Jerusalem. 1148
The Christian army assembles at Acre and marches on Damascus.
Damascus.
The Moslem leader, Nurreddin of Mosul and Aleppo, marches to the relief of Damascus with
a strong army of Seljuk Turks. 1148
By autumn, the large Christian force is defeated outside of Damascus and is dispersed with
heavy casualties. The Crusaders fail to capture Damascus.
Conrad III of Germany departs for Europe.
Louis VII, King of France will leave the following year (1149). The Second Crusade (1147-1148)
ends in failure with nothing accomplished.
Raymond Berengar IV of Catalonia recaptures Tortosa from the moslems.
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492). 1148
Council of Rheims. 1148
Condemnation and imprisonment of the Breton false Messiah that is called Eon de l'Etoile.
Gilbert de Porrée recants his errors.
Stephen of Blois finally drives Matilda out of England. 1148
Matilda leaves England for the last time. She withdraws to Normandy.
Raymond Berengar IV of Catalonia recaptures Lerida from the moslems.
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492). 1149
Normans attack Byzantine Empire. 1149
The Venetians, promised trading rights, help the Byzantines retake Corfu from Roger II of Sicily (Normans). 1149
Dedication of the rebuilt Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, Israel. 1149
Emperor Constantine’s original church was rebuilt by the Crusaders.
David I, King of Scotland.
Loses Northumbrian possessions to Stephen of Blois, King of England. 1149
Roche Abbey, England. ca.1150
St. Hildegarde, Abbess of Bingen (b.1098 - d.1179).
“Causae et Curae”. ca.1150
A book on clinical medicine.
St. TrophÎme Cathedral. Arles, France. ca.1150
St. Eric. Elected to the throne of Sweden. 1150
Eric IX, “the Saint”. King of Sweden. 1150-1160
Destruction of the Empire of Ghazni (now in Afghanistan) by Alauddin Husain, Sultan of Ghor. 1150
Husaby Church. Sweden. c.1150
Magnetic needle is known in Italy. 1150
Earliest known almanac. 1150
Pécs Cathedral. Hungary. ca.1150
Borgund Church. Norway. ca.1150
Sancho V, “the Wise”. King of Navarre. 1150-1194
Germans settle in Southern Hungary. 1150
Peter Lombard.
“Sententiae”. 1150
Beginnings of the University of Paris. c.1150
Al-Idrisi, Arab geographer, begins his world map for Roger II, the Norman King of Sicily.
Will be completed in 1154. 1150
Byzantines take Ancona, Italy from the Normans. 1151
Imperial castle at Nuremburg. 1151
Death of Suger, Abbot of St. Denis. 1151
End of the Toltec Empire in what is now Mexico. 1151
Death of Geoffrey of Anjou. 1151
Henry succeeds to Anjou and Touraine.
End of the Toltec civilization in Mexico. 1151
Toltec capital of Tula (Tollan) in Mexico is destroyed by Chichimec invaders.
Famine throughout Europe. Thousands perish. 1151-1152
Famine throughout Palestine. Thousands perish 1151-1152
Death of German Emperor Conrad (Konrad) III. 1152
Frederick I Barbarossa (Hohenstaufen), nephew of Conrad III, is elected king.
Will be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1155 (rules until 1190).
Trondheim Cathedral. Norway. Begun. 1152
Anglo-Norman style of architecture.
Louis VII of France annuls his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Mar. 1152
She had been unfaithful.
Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry of Anjou. Mar. 1152
When Henry of Anjou becomes King of England (1154), he lays claim to Anjou, Normandy,
and Aquitaine as English possessions.
This leads to a long conflict between France and England over Aquitaine.
Death of David I, King of Scotland. 1153
He is succeeded by Malcolm the IV, “the Maiden”, grandson of David I.
Malcolm IV rules 1153-1165.
Henry of Anjou invades England and forces Stephen of Blois, King of England, to make him
the heir to the English throne. 1153
Famine throughout Ireland. Thousands perish. 1153
Death of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153). August 20, 1153
By the time of his death, he has founded sixty five Cistercian monasteries and attracted
multitudes to join the order.
Pope Anastasius IV. 1153-1154
Crusader-Turkish Wars. 1153-1187
Wars of Crusaders against the Turkish Mohammedans.
Death of Stephen of Blois, King of England since 1135. 1154
Stephen of Blois is the fourth and the last Norman king of England.
Henry Plantagenet (b.1133-d.1189), Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine,
grandson of Henry I, son of Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet, and husband of Eleanor of
Aquitaine, is crowned.
Henry II, King of England. 1154
Henry II founds the House of Anjou in England (later will be called the Plantagenet line).
Henry II will rule from 1154 until his death in 1189.
Period of national unity of England under Henry II.
Henry II is the father of Richard I and John I.
End of Norman rule of England. 1154
Marks the beginning of the Plantagenet line of English kings. By his previous inheritance of
Anjou, Normandy, and Aquitaine, Henry II establishes the Angevin Empire on the Continent.
Henry II also rules more than half of France. From now until 1485 the house of Plantagenet
rules England. Henry is the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and Matilda.
End of the rule of Norman kings in England (1066-1154) which was begun by William the
Conqueror (1066). 1154
Death of Roger II the Norman King of Sicily. 1154
William I, King of Sicily. He is the son of Roger II of Sicily. 1154-1166
Production of a map of the world at Palermo, Sicily. 1154
“Tabula Rogeriana” produced by Al-Idrisi. Includes 70 large maps.
German invasions of Italy. 1154-1237
George III. King of Georgia. 1154-1184
The Christian kingdom of Georgia is at its peak.
Nicholas Breakspear becomes Pope Hadrian IV. 1154
He is the only English Pope (1154-1159).
Pope Hadrian (Adrian) IV is driven from Rome by Arnold of Brescia. 1154
Mohammedan Seljuk state is set up in Syria. 1154
Birth of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. c.1155
Eugenius of Palermo.
Translates the “Optics” of Ptolemy (originally written in Greek) from Arabic into Latin. 1154
Henry II, King of England.
Appoints Thomas á Becket, the Archdeacon of Canterbury, as Chancellor of England (1155-1162). 1155
Frederick Barbarossa, seizes the Roman diadem, while his lanzknechts massacre one thousand
of the Roman people. 1155
Henry II, King of England, is authorized to take possession of Ireland by papal bull (Pope
Hadrian IV). 1155
Founding of the Carmelite Order on Mount Carmel in Palestine. 1155
Arnold of Brescia is hanged and burned as a heretic in Rome, during the papacy of Adrian IV,
the only English pope in the history of the Church. 1155
Frederick I Barbarossa. Holy Roman Empire. June 1155
Frederick I rules 1155-1190.
Al-Idrisi. Arab cartographer. 1155
“Geographia”. Published at Palermo, Sicily.
The Normans take the city of Brindisi in southern Italy. May 28, 1156
Austria is formed as an independent duchy by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. 1156
Henricus Aristippus of Calabria (c.1105-1162).
Translates Aristotle’s 4th book of the “Meteorologica” from the original Greek into Latin. 1156
Japan is ravaged by civil wars. 1156-1185
St. Thomas á Becket visits Paris. 1157
Snow, frost, cold, flooding, famine, and pestilence in England. 1157 Thousands perish.
Haakon II Sigurdsson. King of Norway. 1157-1162
Waldemar I, the Great. King of Denmark. 1157-1182
The Seljuk Empire breaks up into a number of smaller states. 1157
Iconium or Roum (1092), Damascus, Aleppo, Kerman, and Iran.
The Order of the Knights of Calatrava is founded in Spain. 1158
Formed as part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Alcobaça Abbey. Portugal. 1158-1223
Cistercian Church in the Gothic style of architecture.
St. Eric (Erik), King of Sweden. Conquers Finland. 1157
Undertakes a crusade against the heathen Finns, part of whom he
conquers and baptizes.
Henry the Lion. Re-founds Lübeck. 1158
Alfonso VIII (b.1155-d.1214). King of Castile. 1158-1214
Frederick I Barbarossa.
Makes Ladislaus (Vladislav) II, King of Bohemia. 1158
Earthquake. Syria. 1158
Massive earthquake kills over 20,000 people.
Construction of Cathedral in Oxford. 1158
Frederick I Barbarossa.
Second Italian campaign. Siege of Milan. 1158
Henry II. King of England. 1158-1065
Reestablishes English control of Wales.
Milan revolts against Friedrich I Barbarossa, Roman Emperor. 1159
War between England and France. 1159
Alexander III. Pope. 1159-1181
Death of St. Eric (Erik), King of Sweden. May 18, 1160
Killed and beheaded in battle, when attacked by the Danish prince, Magnus Hendrickson,
son of the King of Denmark.
David Alrui. False Messiah. 1160
St. Hugh of Lincoln (1140-1200).
Enters the Carthusian Order and is ordained. 1160
Expulsion of the Normans from North Africa. 1160
Soissons Abbey Church. Begun. 1160
Laon Cathedral, France. Begun. 1160
Large Gothic style church.
Consecration of the old Salamanca Cathedral in Spain. 1160
Kilpeck Church. England. ca.1160
St. Ours at Loches.
Church of Aquitaine, France. ca.1160
Jerichow Abbey. Germany. ca.1160
Romanesque style church.
“Ludus de Antichristo”. Tegernsee. 1160
The Winchester Bible. England. c.1160-1170
“Jeu de Saint Nicolas” by Jean Bodel. 1160
Performed on the saint’s day at Arras.
Léonin. Composer.
Begins compilation of “Magnus Liber Organi”. 1160
Death of Saint Rosalia, near Palermo, Sicily. September 4, 1160
Chinese troops use explosives in battle to help crush a revolt in China. 1161
Floods. Sicily. 1161
Inundations of the sea and many rivers. 12,000 perish.
Stephen III, “the Lightning”, becomes King of Hungary (1161-1162). 1161
Magnus V Erlingsson. King of Norway. 1161-1184
Church of the “Convento do Cristo” at Tomar, Portugal.
Templar Church. 1162
Destruction of Milan by Frederick I Barbarossa. Mar. 1162
(Frederick the Red Beard).
Arrival of a band of German Cathars (Catharism) led by a man named Gerhard in England. 1162
On the orders of an ecclesiastical Council held at Oxford, they are identified and proclaimed
heretics.
They are whipped, branded on the forehead, and expelled from the kingdom.
Alphonso II. King of Aragon. 1162-1196
Death of Baldwin III of Jerusalem. 1162
Amalric I, his brother, rules (1162-1173) as King of Jerusalem.
Poitiers Cathedral, France. c.1162-1350
Monumental Gothic style church.
Henry II, King of England, makes his friend Chancellor Thomas à Becket Archbishop of
Canterbury (1162-1170). 1162
Council of Tours orders the confiscation of the goods of a heretic. 1163
Discovery of silver mines at Freiburg. 1163
Beginning of dispute between Thomas à Becket and Henry II. 1163
Thomas à Becket sides with the Roman Catholic Church.
Reaffirms the independence of the Church and bishops from the king.
Founding of the Bishopric of Uppsala, Sweden. 1163
Beginning of the building of Notre Dame de Paris (1163-1220). 1163
Early French Gothic Cathedral. Cornerstone is laid.
Constitutions of Clarendon (Henry II, King of England). 1164
Limits power of the Catholic Church in England.
Stipulates that the King of England has the supreme right to decide any criminal cases involving
the Catholic Church.
Extends royal power over the Catholic Church in England.
Thomas à Becket is exiled (to 1170) from England and goes to France. 1164
He had opposed the Constitutions of Clarendon of Henry II, King of England.
La Oliva Abbey. Spain. Cistercian Church. c.1164
Spanish Gothic style of architecture.
Frederick I Barbarossa.
Third Italian campaign. 1164
Saladin. Participates in wars against the Fatimids in Egypt. 1164-68
Revolt and subjugation of the Abotrites by the Saxons and the Danes. 1164
Death of St. Elizabeth of Schönau (1126-1164) at Schönau. June 18, 1164
Excommunication of Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa, for supporting a series of anti-popes. 1165
Byzantine Empire allies with Venice against the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. 1165
Organization of the Norwegian Christian (Catholic) Church. 1165
Death of Malcolm IV, King of Scotland. 1165
He is succeeded by William the Lion (b.1165-d.1214), the younger brother of Malcolm IV.
William the Lion. King of Scotland. 1165-1214
Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187). Born at Cremona,Italy.
Arrives at Toledo, Spain. c.1165
During his life, Gerard made seventy one translations unaided.
Among his translations are the “Posterior Analytics”, and “On the Heavens and the Earth” of Aristotle.
The “Elements” and “Data” of Euclid.
“On the Measurement of the Circle” of Archimedes.
“The Conics” of Apollonius.
“The Almagest” of Ptolemy.
Eleven works of Galen.
Several volumes of Greek physics, astronomy, and mathematics.
“On the Syllogism” of al-Farabi.
Translated fundamental studies on physics, mathematics, optics, geometry, medicine, philosophy,
and dialectics.
Founding of the Order of Knights of Alcantara (1166-1492). 1166
Formed as part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492) to liberate Spain from the moslem
conquerors.
William II (William the Good). King of Sicily. 1166-1189
Saladin builds Cairo citadel. 1166
“The Song of Canute”. 1166
English ballad written by a monk of Ely.
Oxford Castle. England. 1166-1170
Amalric I, King of Jerusalem. 1167
Captures Cairo.
The Franks, led by Amalric I, defeat the moslems, who are led by Nured-Din of Damascus’
right hand man, Shirkuh.
Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa.
Fourth expedition into Italy. 1167
Forces Pope Alexander III to leave.
Friedrich’s army is decimated by disease.
Lombard League is formed by Lombard cities in Northern Italy against Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick I Barbarossa. 1167
Conquest of Ireland by the Normans. 1167-1171
Founding of Oxford University in England. 1167
Formed by English masters and scholars from the University of Paris.
There may have been lectures at Oxford from as early as 1133.
Invasion of Egypt by Syrian armies in order to aid the Fatimids in regaining control. 1167-1169
Arabs recapture Cairo. 1168
Storming of Kiev by the Mongol hordes. 1168
Rebuilding of Milan which had been destroyed by Frederick I Barbarossa in 1162. 1168
Valdemar I, King of Denmark.
Finally conquers the island of Rügen. 1168
The idol of Svantovit is overthrown and chopped up.
The pagan temple is destroyed.
Earthquake. Calabria and Sicily. 1169
Cathedral and city are destroyed.
The earthquake is accompanied by the eruption of Mt. Etna.
Catania is destroyed with 50 other cities by the eruption of Etna.
Almost 15,000 perish.
Saladin (Salah-al-Din Yusuf ibn-Ayyub).
Becomes commander of the Syrian army of occupation in Egypt. 1169
Saladin (Salah-al-Din Yusuf ibn-Ayyub), Syrian commander, is made vizier of Egypt (1169 to
1193) by the Fatimids. 1169
Saladin will be sultan from 1174.
Saladin reigns as sultan in Egypt. 1169-1193
Ayyubid Dynasty, founded by Saladin, rules in Egypt. 1169-1250
First appearance of the heretic Waldo of Lyons.
The Waldenses or Poor Men of Lyons. Waldensianism. 1170
After a long dispute, Thomas à Becket is temporarily reconciled
with Henry II, King of England and returns to Canterbury from exile. 1170
Murder of Archbishop Thomas à Becket, before the high altar of Canterbury, by four
Norman knights of King Henry II (after Henry’s hasty words against him). Dec. 29, 1170
Kalundborg Church. Denmark. c.1170
Built on Greek cross plan.
All of Sicily is wrecked by another earthquake. 1170
Another 15,000 people are killed.
Palermo Cathedral. Sicily. Founded. 1170
Friesland and Utrecht, Holland. 1170
Tremendous inundation at Utrecht.
Number of deaths is unknown.
People go fishing within the walls of the city.
Birth of Saint Dominic (Domingo de Guzman), 1170-1221. August 8, 1170
He is born in what was then the Kingdom of Castile, Spain.
Richard de Clare (“Strongbow”), Norman Baron.
Invades Ireland from Wales. 1170
Death of Saint Godric at Finchdale, England. May 21, 1170
The Byzantine Empire is at war with Venice. 1170-1177
Saladin of Damascus subdues Egypt. 1170-1171
Roger of Salerno.
“Practica chirurgiae”. c.1170
Alfonso I of Portugal. 1171
Fights his last battle against the Mohammedans.
At age 62, he defeats them at the Battle of Santarém. This is part of the Portuguese Reconquista.
Henry II. King of England.
Leads a large army into Ireland. 1171
Begins period of English rule based at Dublin.
Henry II formally annexes Ireland.
The Jews of Blois are accused and burned for using Christian blood in their Passover. 1171
Odo de Saint-Amand (b.1110-d.Oct. 9, 1179).
8th Master of the Order of the Temple in Jerusalem (the Templar Order). 1171-Oct. 8, 1179
Salah al-din (Saladin) unites the Mohammedans for the purpose of making war against the
Christians and Christianity. 1171
Pope Alexander III.
Authorizes crusade against the east Baltic pagans. 1171
Tournai Cathedral. Tournai, Belgium. Completed. c.1171
Plague in Ireland. 1172
Plague hastens the departure of Henry II, King of England.
Thousands perish.
Henry II, King of England, does penance at Avranches. 1172
Reconciliation between Henry II, King of England, and Pope Alexander III. 1172
By 1172, much of Spain is under the control of the Almohade Mohammedan Empire that is
based in North Africa. 1172
Henry the Lion, Duke of Bavaria.
Goes on pilgrimage to Palestine. 1172
Richard “Coeur de Lion” (1157-1199).
Becomes Duke of Aquitaine. 1172
Wace.
“Roman de Rou”. 1172
A Chronicle of the Dukes of Normandy.
Theodorick. German.
“Guide to the Holy Land”. 1172
Rebellion against Henry II, King of England. 1173-1174 Revolt by his eldest sons Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey in his French lands.
They are supported by their mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and in league with the King of
France and Scotland.
Henry II, King of England crushes the revolt.
Henry II incarcerates his wife (until 1189) in the tower at Salisbury.
First authenticated epidemic of influenza. 1173
Peter Waldo (Valdes). 1173
Beginning of the Waldensian Heresy (Waldensianism) at Lyons, France.
Béla III. King of Hungary. 1173-1196
Death of Richard of St. Victor. Scottish Augustinian. 1173
Mieszko III (a son of Boleslaus III), King of Poland. 1173-1177
Canonization of St. Thomas à Becket (1117-1170). 1174
Canterbury Cathedral in England burns down. 1174
Henry II, King of England.
Does penance at Canterbury for the murder of Saint Thomas à Becket (1117-1170). July 1174
William, the Lion, King of Scotland.
Attempts to regain Northumbria from the English. 1174
Henry II, King of England, ends the Scottish invasion of England.
Henry II captures William and forces him to sign the Treaty of Falaise.
William of Scotland swears fealty to Henry II, King of England.
Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa launches his fifth expedition to Italy. 1174
Ends in failure.
Building of Monreale Cathedral, Sicily. 1174-1182
Marks the high point of the Sicilian Romanesque style of architecture.
Campanile of Pisa (the Leaning Tower of Pisa) is built. 1174
Rebuilding of Canterbury Cathedral begins. 1174
Will be completed in 1209.
Baldwin IV the Leper. Latin King of Jerusalem. 1174-1185
Death of Asad ad-Din Shirkuh. May 1174
Saladin conquers Syria for the moslems. 1174
Saladin is now Sultan of both Egypt and Syria.
Murder of Andrei Bogolubsky, the Grand Duke of Russia. 1174
William, the Lion, King of Scotland.
Does homage to Henry II, King of England. 1175
Honen. Buddhist.
Founds the so-called Pure Land Sect in Japan. 1175
Beginning of the appearance of religious mystery plays in France. c.1175
Kirchlinde. German Gothic church. c.1175
St. Hugh of Lincoln (1140-1200).
Becomes abbot of the first Carthusian monastery in England. 1175
It is built by Henry II, King of England, as part of his penance for the murder of Saint Thomas
à Becket. Will be completed in 1200.
Pestilence followed by great dearth in England. 1175
Thousands perish.
Construction of London Bridge in England is begun. 1176
Will be completed in 1209.
Famine with a great number of dead in Wales. Thousands perish. 1176
Venetian-Norman alliance forces the Byzantine Empire to agree to a humiliating peace with
Venice. 1176
Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks are at war. 1176-1177
Battle of Myriocephalon (Myriokephalon). Sept. 1176
Byzantine forces under Manuel I Comnenus attempt to recapture territory that had been
occupied by the Seljuk Turks. Turks under Kilij Arslan II defeat the Byzantines near the
Myriocephalon fortress in Phrygia.
The Seljuk Turks are now established in Anatolia (Asia Minor).
Henry, the Lion, refuses to provide military support to emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, in Italy. 1176
John of Salisbury. Becomes Bishop of Chartres. 1176
Pont St. Bénézet, Avignon, France. Begun. 1177
This is the famous Pont d’Avignon.
Built by Saint Benedict the Bridge Builder (d.1184).
Will be completed in 1184.
Battle of Montgisard. Nov. 25, 1177
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem defeats the Moslems led by Saladin.
Montgisard is only 45 miles northwest of Jerusalem.
Battle of Legnano. May 29, 1176
Defeat of the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa at Legnano, Italy by the Lombard
League (Lombards, Romans, and Venetians).
Frederick Barbarossa I is forced to flee from Italy in disguise.
Civil War in Norway begins. 1177
Treaty of Ivry. 1177
Between Henry II, King of England, and Louis VII, King of France.
Chrétien de Troyes. French. Writes “Lancelot”. 1177
Casimir II (a son of Boleslaus III). King of Poland. 1177-1194
Fossanova Abbey, Italy.
A Cistercian monastery (still in use). 1179-1208
Peace of Venice. July 1177
Between emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (c.1123-1190) and Pope Alexander III (Lombard cities).
Beginning of Ripon Cathedral. England. 1179
Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa is crowned King of Burgundy. 1178
Saladin besieges Tyre. 1179
Beginning of Wells Cathedral. England. c.1180
Gothic style architecture. Completed in 1240.
Third Lateran Council (Pope Alexander III). 1179
(Eleventh General Church Council).
Proclamation of crusade against the Albigenses (Albigensianism) in southern France.
College of Cardinals is empowered to elect popes.
Rules are enacted for the promotion of education throughout Christendom.
Pope Alexander III.
Recognizes Portugal as an independent kingdom. 1179
Death of Saint Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179). September 17, 1179
Truce between Baldwin IV, the Leper of Jerusalem and Saladin. 1180
Death of Louis VII, King of France. 1180
Beginning of the reign of his son Philip II “Augustus”.
Philip II rules France from 1180 until his death in 1223.
Frederick I Barbarossa attacks and defeats the forces of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony. 1180
Frederick I seizes Saxony. Fall of Henry the Lion.
Partition of Saxony and Bavaria.
Abbey Church of the Cistercian monastery of Poblet,Catalonia. c.1180-1196
St. David’s Cathedral. Wales. c.1180
Perotinus Perotin. Composer.
Succeeds Léonin at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. 1180
Completely revises Léonin's “Magnus Liber Organi”.
Arrival of Saint Meinhard (d.1196) at the mouth of the Dvina River in the Gulf of Riga. c.1180
Death of Manuel I Comnenus. 1180
Alexius II Comnenus (son of Manuel I). Byzantine Emperor. 1180-1183
Chrétien (Chrestien) de Troyes.
“Conte del graal”. c.1180
Gempei War. 1180-1185
Civil War leading to the downfall of the Taira clan and the rise of the Minamoto clan as the
ruling family in Japan.
Henry II, King of England.
Issues the Assize of Arms ordering citizenry to procure weapons. 1181
Lucius III. Pope. 1181-1185
Birth of the future Saint Francis of Assisi (1181/2-1226). 1181/82 (birthname: Giovanni Francesco Bernadone). Born at Assisi in Umbria.
During the reign of Alexis II Comnenus, there is a struggle for power between the people of Constantinople and the regent, the French born Empress Mary of Antioch. May 2, 1182
The party of the French regent is defeated.
Massacre of the Latins (Catholics). 1182
Andronikos Comnenus, a first cousin of the recently deceased Byzantine Emperor Manuel I
Comnenus, takes advantage of the disorders in Constantinople to aim at the crown.
Andronikos Comnenus marches to Constantinople with an army, enters the city, and
overthrows the government.
His arrival at Constantinople is celebrated by the massacre of the entire Latin population.
The Venetians are murdered.
Over 80,000 Latins are murdered.
They murder the papal legate. They destroy all of the Catholic churches.
At this time, there was a non-aggression pact that stood between the Byzantine Empire and
the moslems under Saladin.
Twenty four years later (1204) the Crusaders will strike back and take control of Constantinople.
Frederick I Barbarossa exiles Henry the Lion, to England. 1182
Expulsion of the Jews from France by Philip II, King of France. 1182 They will return in 1189.
Canute VI. King of Denmark. 1182-1202
Fall of Aleppo (Syria) to the Egyptian ruler Saladin. 1183
Famine in England. Thousands perish. 1183
Famine in Wales. Thousands perish. 1183
Peace of Constance. June 1183
Lombard cities are virtually freed from imperial rule.
Re-establishes independence of the Italian republics.
Murder of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius II Comnenus. Oct. 1183
He is succeeded by Andronicus I Comnenus (rules 1183-1185).
Saint Dominic of Calaruega (1170-1221).
Studies at the University of Palencia. 1184-1194
Pope Lucius III. Council of Verona. 1184
Prosecution of heretics is formalized.
Orders every Bishop to conduct an inquisition in his own diocese.
Papal Bull “Ad-abolendam”. 1184
Excommunicates Waldensians (Waldensianism), Albigensians (Albigensianism), Cathars
(Catharism) and other heretics.
Consecration of Modena Cathedral. Construction was begun in 1099. 1184
Abu Yusuf Ya’qub (known as El-Mansur).
El-Mansur becomes ruler of the Almohads. 1184-1199 Rules mainly from Marrakech.
Friedrich I Barbarossa. German emperor.
Sixth expedition to Italy. Rebuilds Imperial influence. 1184
Diet of Mainz. 1184
Emperor Frederick I’s power is at its height. 1184
Cyprus frees itself from the Byzantine Empire. 1184
Tamar. Queen of Georgia. 1184-1212
Sverre Sigurdsson. King of Norway. 1184-1202
Lincoln Cathedral, England. Built. 1185-1200 Gothic Cathedral.
Conquest of Salonica (Thessalonika) by the Normans from Sicily. 1185
William II of Sicily had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer the Byzantine Empire.
A branch of the Order of the Knights Templars is established in London. 1185
Death of Alfonso I, King of Portugal.
Sancho I, King of Portugal. Rules 1185-1211. 1185
Baldwin IV, the Leper, King of Jerusalem dies. 1185
Baldwin V. Latin King of Jerusalem 1185-1186
Pomeranian Slavs submit to Canute VI, King of Denmark. 1185
During his absence from Constantinople, Andronicos I Comnenus, is deposed.
Isaac Angelus is proclaimed Byzantine Emperor. 1185
Isaac hands Andronicos over to the people of the city.
For three days he is tortured and finally killed on Sept. 12, 1185.
Isaac II Angelus. Byzantine Emperor. 1185-1195
Henry VI, son of Frederick I Barbarossa, and heir apparent of the Normans in Sicily, marries
Constance, last heiress of Sicily. 1186
Guy of Lusignan. Latin King of Jerusalem. 1186-1187
St. Hugh of Lincoln (1140-1200).
Named Bishop of the see of Lincoln at the insistence of Henry II, King of England. 1186
Saladin proclaims war of Islam against Christianity. 1186
Saladin of Egypt secures Mesopotamia. 1186
The brothers Ivan and Peter Asen, Bulgarians, revolt against the Byzantine Empire. 1186
Bulgaria had been under Byzantine rule 1018-1185.
Brothers Ivan and Peter Asen form independent Bulgaria north of the Balkan Mountains. 1186
Marks the independence of Bulgaria from the Byzantine Empire.
Founding of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
Second Bulgarian Empire will last from 1186 until 1396.
Asen Dynasty in Bulgaria. 1186-1280
Peter Asen II. Czar (Coregent) of Bulgaria. 1186-1197
John Asen I. King of Bulgaria. 1186-1196
Svend Agesson (1130-1200).
Completion of “Historium Regum Daniae”. ca.1186
This is the first history of Denmark.
Ends at the year 1185.
Evora Cathedral. Portugal. Begun. 1186
Kamakura Era (1186-1333) begins in Japan. 1186
Japan is under the domination of the Minamoto family, establishing rule of military warriors.
China and Korea are successfully raided.
Saladin, the Sultan of Syria and Egypt, begins a campaign designed to capture the Holy City
of Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre. 1187
Battle of the Horns of Hattin. July 4, 1187
Saladin defeats the army of the kingdom of Jerusalem.
Saladin defeats the Christian army in the Battle of Hattin (near Tiberias, Palestine).
The Christian survivors are first tortured and then killed by the moslems.
The rest are sold into slavery.
Completion of Verona Cathedral (begun 1139). 1187
Fall of Jerusalem. Oct. 4, 1187
Saladin, the Mohammedan Sultan of Syria and Egypt, recaptures the city of Jerusalem from
the Roman Catholics in his campaign to drive them from the Holy Land.
All of the holy places are desecrated by the Mohammedans.
Marks the end of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Moslem leader Mohammed of Ghur (Ghor) in northwestern Afghanistan conquers the Punjab,
India. 1187
Conspiracy of Henry II’s sons Richard and John with Philip II Augustus, King of France. 1189
Philippe II Augustus, King of France, and Richard of Normandy defeat Henry II, King of
England at Angers, France. 1189
Death of Henry II, King of England (b.1133-d.1189).
Henry II ruled 1154-1189. 1189
Henry II is succeeded by his surviving oldest son Richard "Coeur de Lion" (b.1157-d.1199)
who becomes Richard I, King of England.
Richard I will rule England from 1189 until his death in 1199.
Beginning of the Third Crusade (1189-1192). 1189
Embarkation of Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany for the Holy Land.
Crusade is led by Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor.
Caused by the capture of the city of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187.
Beginning of the Siege of Acre (1189-1191). 1189 This is probably the most desperate and
longest siege ever held in Asia. Acre, a powerful fortress built on a peninsula, defied capture.
There are 600,000 Mohammedans engaged in the protection of Acre.
Silver florin coined at Florence, Italy. 1189
Richard I the Lion Hearted, King of England, renounces the provisions of the Treaty of
Falaise (1174) in return for a sum of money. 1189
Richard I acknowledges the independence of Scotland.
Monastery of San Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, Southern Italy. Founded.
Home of Abbot Joachim of Fiore. 1189
Maimonides. Jewish philosopher.
"Guide for the Perplexed ". 1190
Attempts the reconciliation of Aristotelianism with Judaism.
Influences Judaism and Jewish philosophy for hundreds of years.
Rise of the Jewish Cabalistic philosophy (Jewish magic) in Southern Europe. c.1190
Anti-Jewish movements throughout England. 1190-1191
Frederick I Barbarossa captures Iconium. 1190
After he captures Iconium during the Third Crusade, Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the
River Saleph in Cilicia in Asia Minor while he is on his way to Palestine. June 10, 1190
Richard I, the Lionhearted, King of England, and Philip II Augustus, King of France, set
sail from Sicily to join the Third Crusade. July 1190
Frederick I Barbarossa is succeeded by his son Heinrich VI (b.1165-d.1197) who is then
regent of Germany. 1190 Henry VI will be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1191.
Henry VI will rule 1190-1197.
Tancred, Norman King of Sicily. 1190-1194
Richard, Coeur de Lion, storms the city of Messina, Sicily. Oct. 1190
Roskilde Cathedral is rebuilt in Denmark. 1190
Founding of the Order of German Hospitalers. 1190 The name will be changed in 1198 to the Order of the Teutonic Knights. This is a Catholic
military order that was founded during the siege of Acre by the German Knights who
accompanied Frederick I Barbarossa (Third Crusade).
Temujin consolidates Mongol tribes in Central Asia. 1190
Begins to form an empire in eastern Asia.
Church of the Holy Apostles in Cologne, Germany. 1190
Construction begins.
Heinrich VI (son of Friedrich I Barbarossa) and Heinrich, the Lion, of Saxony are at war. 1190-1195
Alexander Neckham. c.1190
“De naturis rerum” (“On Natural Things”).
Contains an early reference to the magnetic compass.
Heinrich VI is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 1191
Heinrich VI rules 1191-1197.
The Byzantines have driven the Normans from the Balkans. 1191
Pope Celestine III. 1191-1198
Ivo of Chartres (c.1040-1116). Elected Bishop of Chartres. 1191
Richard I, the Lionhearted, King of England.
Conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templar Order. April 1191
End of the Siege of Acre. July 1191
After Richard the Lionhearted arrives at Acre, the Crusaders take the city
of Acre (now Akko, Israel) during the Third Crusade, after a long siege (1189-1191).
Battle of Arsouf (Arsuf). September 7, 1191
Part of the Third Crusade.
Richard the Lionhearted defeats the moslem armies.
Saladin attacks Jaffa. Richard, the Lionhearted, rushes with a smaller force and recaptures
Jaffa. 1192
Richard I, the Lionhearted, King of England, makes peace (Treaty of Jaffa) for 3 years and
eight months with Saladin of Egypt. Sept. 1192
Richard secures Palestinian ports and access to Jerusalem.
Pilgrimages to Jerusalem by Christians are allowed once again.
Jerusalem remains in the hands of the moslems.
Close of the Third Crusade (1189-1192).
Departure of Richard, the Lionhearted, from the Holy Land. Oct. 1192
As he is returning home, Richard is shipwrecked in the Adriatic Sea.
As he is passing through Austria, Richard I the Lionhearted, is captured on his way home
from the Crusades by his enemy Leopold, Duke of Austria. Dec.1192
Alfonso VIII (b.1155-d.1214) sends a message to el-Mansur (Almohad) challenging him
to do battle. 1192
Rebuilding of Bamberg Cathedral is begun in 1192 (to 1237). 1192-1237
Emperor appoints Minamoto Yoritomo as the first Shogun of Japan. 1192
Shogun were the leaders who were the effective rulers of Japan from 1192 until 1867.
Shogun was a title of the military commander.
The emperors will not regain power until the Meiji Restoration (1868).
Bourges Cathedral. France. 1192-1390
Gothic style of architecture.
Death of Saladin. 1193
At his death, Saladin divides his dominions among his heirs.
Richard the Lionhearted is handed over by Leopold, Duke of Austria, to Emperor Heinrich
VI of Germany. Feb. 1193
Heinrich VI imprisons Richard I at Trifels and holds him for ransom.
Philip Augustus, King of France, and Richard's own brother John attempt to arrange for
Richard to be kept in prison indefinitely.
Philip II Augustus, King of France, attacks Normandy. 1193
Mohammed of Ghur, ruler in northwestern Afghanistan, defeats Prithvi Raj and captures
Delhi, India. 1193
Founds the Delhi Sultanate, the first of several Moslem empires in India. Lasts until 1398.
Richard I, the Lion Hearted, King of England, is forced to accept suzerainty of the Holy
Roman Empire over England. 1194
Enrico Dandolo. Doge of Venice. 1193-1205
Hubert Walter. Archbishop of Canterbury. 1193-1205
Incessant rains in England and in France cause famine and pestilence of acute fever. 1193-1196
Thousands perish.
Richard I, the Lionhearted, is ransomed by England from Heinrich VI of Germany. 1194
He is released after more than a year's imprisonment and returned. Richard I returns to
England.
Richard I, the Lionhearted, King of England, begins war (1194-1196) against Philippe II, King
of France. 1194
English-French Wars. 1194-1214
Richard I, the Lionhearted, of England defeats Philip II, King of France at Fréteval. July 1194
Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury. 1194-1198
Was the effective ruler of England during the absence of King Richard I.
Birth of the future Emperor Frederick II, later called “Stupor Mundi”. 1194
Chartres Cathedral in France is rebuilt (1194-1260). 1194 Gothic style of architecture.
Death of Tancred, Norman King of Sicily. 1194
Heinrich VI of Germany establishes his claim to Sicily after the death of
Tancred, its king. He conquers Sicily and Southern Italy and is crowned King of Sicily. 1194
Alfonso II in Aragon decrees that all moslems and heretics should be expelled from his
Kingdom. 1194
Sancho VI, the Strong. King of Navarre. 1194-1234
Raymond VI. Count of Toulouse. c.1194-1222
Tolerates Albigensianism (Albigensian heresy).
Mieszko III (a son of Boleslaus III). King of Poland. 1194-1202
The Yellow River in China drastically alters its course from north to south of the Shantung
Peninsula. 1194
Byzantine Emperor Isaac Angelus is deposed and blinded by his
brother Alexius who succeeds him as Alexius III (rules 1195-1203). 1195
Battle of Alarcos. July 1195
The Almohades (Mohammedans) defeat the Christians under Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leon.
They take control of Alarcos.
Llywelyn Fawr. King of Wales. 1195-1240
Birth of the future Saint Anthony of Padua (Fernando de Bulhões) in Lisbon,
Portugal. Aug. 15, 1195
Death of St. Berthold. 1195
St. Berthold founded the Carmelite Order in 1185 in Palestine.
Château Gaillard, Les Andelys on the Seine in France. 1196-1199
Built by Richard I, the Lionhearted of England as a Seine outpost against the French.
Peter II. King of Aragon. 1196-1213
Emeric I. King of Hungary. 1196-1204
Death of Saint Meinhard. 1196
After eliminating all of his opponents, the tribal chief Temujin (“Blacksmith,” 1167-1227)
is elevated to the position of Genghis Khan and proclaimed “supreme ruler” of the Mongols. 1196
St. Dominic (1170-1221) enters a religious community. 1196
Mohammed of Ghor conquers Gwalior and Gujarat. 1196
Building of the Parma Baptistery, Italy. 1196-1296
Detached from the Church.
Swerker II (“the Younger”). King of Norway. 1197-1208
Crosier War (1197-c.1202). 1197 As a result of asserting the supremacy of the monarchy over the Church, Sverre, the King
of Norway, causes the Crosier War against bishops and the Church.
Premature death of Henry VI (b.1165-1197). Sept. 1197 Followed by Civil War in Germany.
Peter II, of Aragon, the successor of Alphonso II of Aragon, orders that convicted heretics
should be burnt. 1197
Mohammed of Ghor conquers Anhilwara. 1197
Kaloyen (brother of Peter and John Asen). King of Bulgaria. 1197-1207
St. John of Matha (1160-1213) and St. Felix of Valois (1127-1212) set out for Rome where
they gain approval (1198) from Pope Innocent III for the “Order of the Most Holy Trinity”. 1197
St. John of Matha is superior.
Philip of Swabia. King of the Germans. 1197-1208
Of the House of Hohenstaufen.
Ottokar I. King of Bohemia. 1197-1230
Innocent III is unanimously chosen Pope. Jan. 1198 Pope from 1198-1216. Frederick II, son of Henry VI, age four, King of Sicily, becomes his ward.
Frederick II (b.1194-1250), son of Henry VI, becomes King of Sicily.
He is under the guardianship of Pope Innocent III. May 1198
Frederick II rules 1198-1250.
Fulco of Neuilly (d.1201). 1198
Roman Catholic priest, begins teaching and preaching at the Ile-de-France.
Renewal of war between Richard I, the Lionhearted, King of England, and Philippe Augustus,
King of France. 1198
Averroës (1126-1198) dies in Morocco, an exile from his native Spain. 1198
Emphasized the Aristotelian doctrine that the world (universe)
has always existed and was therefore not created.
Averroës also denied the immortality of the soul. Averroës was later referred to by Petrarch
as a “mad dog, ever raging against the Christian faith."
Ottokar I wins autonomy of Bohemia from Philip of Swabia. 1198
Innocent III begins preparations for the Fourth Crusade. 1198
Will be launched in 1202.
Innocent III authorizes the Livonian Crusade. 1198 Objective is the conversion of the
Livonians from paganism to Christianity.
Leopold VI, the Glorious. Duke of Austria. 1198-1230
William of Newburgh.
“Historia rerum Anglicarum.” 1198
Eruption of Vesuvius. 1198
Eruption is so great that it activates the crater of Sofatara Lake.
Novgorodians raid Finland and burn Åbo (Turku) Cathedral. 1198
Richard I, the Lionhearted, King of England is killed in battle by an arrow during a siege
in France. Richard I is succeeded by John Lackland, younger brother of Richard I, and the
youngest son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. 1199
Reign of John, King of England. 1199-1216
Innocent III.
"Vergentis in senium". Papal Bull. 1199
Specifies the penalty for heresy. No death penalty however.
Cistercians are sent as inquisitors to Metz. 1199
Declaration of Speyer. 1199
German princes confirm the right to elect a king.
Siena Cathedral. Italy. Begun (to 1348). 1199
Consecration of Chichester Cathedral. England. 1199
North India is under Mohammedan rule. 1199
The Nile River fails to rise in Egypt. 1199-1204
Causes severe famine, disease, and cannibalism in Egypt.
100,000 perish.
13th Century
John, King of England, recovers Anjou and Maine. 1200
Peace of Le Goulet. May 1200
Between John, King of England, and Philip II, King of France.
Lucera Castle, Italy. Built. 1200-1300
One of the strongest of Frederick II’s Italian castles.
The Aztecs are established in Mexico, the Incas in Peru. c.1200
Chan Chan, Peru, the capital of the Chimu Empire is built. c.1200-1300
Marienburg Castle, Poland. c.1200-1300
Built by the Teutonic Knights.
Will become their headquarters in 1309. Designed along monastic lines.
Llywelyn of Wales seizes Anglesey. 1200
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria. Builds the Burg (castle) in Vienna. 1200
Severe cold in Ireland causes one year of starvation. 1200
Thousands perish.
India.
Mohammedanism begins to replace Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and other Indian religions. c.1200
“Carmina Burana”. 1200
German collection of Latin monastic songs.
Anders Sunesen (1167-1228).
“Hexaèmeron”. Epic poem about the Creation, written in Latin. c.1200
Building of Turku Cathedral. Finland. c.1200-1215
First appearance of tempera painting. Italy. c.1200
Pope Innocent III.
Orders Philip II Augustus, King of France, to recall his lawful wife.
Places France under papal interdict. 1200
Albert, Bishop of Livonia.
Establishes the see of Riga and the Order of Sword Brothers. 1200
Death of St. Hugh of Lincoln (1140-1200). Nov. 16, 1200
Albert, Bishop of Livonia, founds the city of Riga. 1201
Albert, Bishop of Livonia, brings Livonia under German rule. 1201
Crusaders establish a base in Riga on the eastern Baltic Sea. 1201
The purpose of the Northern Crusade is the conversion from paganism
to Christianity of the tribes on the eastern shores of the Baltics.
This is one of the last remaining strongholds of paganism in Europe.
Paganism will return to this area in the Twentieth Century.
Crusader leaders make arrangements with Enrico Dandolo, the 90 year old Doge of Venice,
for transportation to the Holy Land the following year. March 1201
Byzantine Empire and Bulgarians make peace. 1201
Façade of Notre Dame. Paris. 1201
Pass of St. Gotthard, Switzerland, opened. 1201
Outbreak of war between John, King of England, and Philip II Augustus, King of France. 1202
Anglo-French War. 1202-1206
Northern France is recovered by Philip II Augustus, King of France from John, King of England.
In 1204, Philip II of France will capture Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Brittany, and Touraine from
the English.
Fourth Crusade. 1202-1204
The Fourth Crusade is launched by Venice against Constantinople.
The Fourth Crusade is under their leader Boniface III of Montferrat.
A large army is assembled at Venice. 1202
The Fourth Crusade was originally sent by Innocent III to recover the city of Jerusalem and
to relieve the Christian forces in the Holy Land.
The Crusaders take passage with Venetian shipowners, who persuade them to champion the
cause of a pretender on the Byzantine throne.
They begin by taking the port of Venice's enemy Zara (Nov. 1202).
The furious Pope Innocent III excommunicates the Crusaders and attempts to call them back.
Enrico Dandolo, the blind Venetian Doge, takes the lead against Constantinople (Byzantine
Empire). The Crusaders proceed to Constantinople. The Venetians and displaced Byzantines
divert the Fourth Crusade away from the Holy Land into an attack on the Byzantine emperor.
When Pope Innocent III hears of the attack on Zara, he condemns the action of both the
Venetians and the Crusaders.
Bishop Albert of Buxtehude.
Founding of the German Order of Livonian (Latvian) Knights (Brethren of the Sword). 1202
This is a Christian military order whose purpose was to defend the Christian presence in
Livonia from pagan attacks.
Waldemar (Valdemar) II, the Conqueror. King of Denmark. 1202-1241
Francis of Assisi (1181-1226).
The young Francis takes part in a war between the cities of Assisi and Perugia in Italy. 1202
Leonardo of Pisa, also called Fibonacci, “son of Bonaccio” (1175-1250).
“Liber Abaci” (“The Book of the Abacus”). Published. 1202
Mathematical treatise on Arithmetic and Algebra.
Introduces Fibonacci Numbers.
Includes the invention of double entry bookkeeping.
Venerabilum. 1202
Decretal re-asserts the authority of the papacy over the Holy Roman Empire.
The Crusaders sail to Constantinople (June). 1203 They unseat the Byzantine emperor, Alexius III Angelus, and restore the deposed (and blinded)
Isaac II Angelus and his son Alexius IV Angelus to the Byzantine throne.
The Venetians demand tribute.
Alexius IV Angelus rules 1203-1204.
Saint Dominic (1170-1221).
Preaches in Languedoc, against the Albigensian Heresy and helps to reform the Cistercian
Order. 1203
Completion of the subjugation of the Hindus of Northern India by the moslems led by
Mohammed of Ghor. 1203
John, King of England (b.1116-d.1216).
Orders the murder of his nephew Arthur, Duke of Brittany. 1203
Lerida Cathedral. Spain. ca.1203-1278
Founding of Siena University in Italy. 1203
Genghis Khan defeats Ongkhan, his rival. 1203
Incessant rains cause famine in England. 1203
Thousands perish.
Severe famine. Ireland. Thousands perish. 1203
Wolfram von Eschenbach. German poet.
Writes the epic “Parzival”. 1203
Philip II Augustus, King of France, expels the English from Normandy.
England loses Normandy (1204) to France. 1204
People of Constantinople revolt against the Crusaders. Jan. 25, 1204 They proclaim Alexius V Emperor. Alexius IV Angelus is killed.
His father Isaac II Angelus is killed a few days later.
The new Byzantine emperor demands that the Crusaders leave the city.
Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders. April 12, 1204 Having set off to attack Arab Egypt, French Knights divert to attack the Byzantine Empire.
Instead of campaigning in the Holy Land, the Crusaders disobey Pope Innocent III and
instead conquer the city of Constantinople.
Crusaders establish the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople. 1204
Baldwin I (IX of Flanders) is crowned the first Latin emperor of Constantinople (to 1205).
Catholics replace Byzantine Greeks on the throne of the Byzantine Empire.
Latin Kingdom of Constantinople. 1204-1261
Byzantine artists flee to Venice, Italy. 1204
Michael Angelus Comnenus.
Sets up the independent Greek Kingdom of Epirus. 1204
Condemnation of the Fourth Crusade by Pope Innocent III. 1204
St. Dominic (1170-1221).
First encounter with the Cathari (Albigensians) of Denmark during a diplomatic mission to
that country. 1204
Last public disputation between Christians and Cathars (Albigensianism) at Carcasonne. 1204
Plague sweeps through Ireland. Thousands perish. 1204
Lucca Cathedral. Italy. c.1204
Pope Innocent III.
Organizes the hospital of Santo Spirito at Rome. 1204
Founding of Vicenza University, Italy. 1204
Death of Maimonides (1135-1204). Jewish philosopher. 1204
Philip II Augustus, King of France is crowned at Aix-La-Chapelle. Jan. 1205
Battle of Adrianople (Edirne). April 15, 1205 Baldwin I, Emperor of Constantinople, is defeated by Kaloyan (Yoannitsa), the third Asian
ruler of the Bulgarian Empire.
Kaloyan had refused to acknowledge the supremacy of Baldwin I.
Henry (brother of Baldwin I).
Latin Emperor of Constantinople. 1205-1216
The Latins appoint the Venetian, Thomas Morosini, patriarch. 1205
Battle of Koundoura. 1205
William of Champlitte and Geoffrey of Villehardouin with 600 men defeat a Byzantine force
of over 5000 men.
The barons in England refuse to fight for the recovery of Normandy from the French. 1205
Andrew II. King of Hungary. 1205-1235
Hugh of Lusignan. King of Cyprus. 1205-1218
Subjugation of the Hsi-Hsia Kingdom by the Mongols. 1205-1209
Serves as a basis for an attack on the rest of China.
Birth of Nicola Pisano (c.1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect. c.1205
Oldest Christian reference to the magnetic compass. 1205
Oldest Moslem reference will be in 1282.
Pietro Ziani. Doge of Venice. 1205-1229
Cathedral of Leon. Built. 1205-1303
Genghis Khan founds the Mongol Empire. 1206
Temujin, Mongol chief, unites Mongol tribes under him.
Proclaimed Genghis Khan, (“Emperor within the Seas”), Emperor of the Mongols, at Karakorum. Genghis Khan founds his Universal Mongol Kingdom (the Mongol Empire). Reigns 1206-1227.
The Mongol military commands secure domestic peace. 1206
The Mongols stand ready for the planned conquest of the known world.
St. Dominic (1170-1221).
Goes on a mission against the Albigensian (French) heretics. 1206-1207
St. Dominic establishes a convent at Prouille, France with the approval of Bishop Fouques
of Toulouse. 1206
Valdemar (Waldemar II), the Conqueror, King of Denmark.
Crusades in the eastern Baltic. 1206
In the Anglo-French War, Philippe II Augustus, King of France, secures his conquest of
Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and most of the English possessions that were in France
from John, King of England. 1206
Theodore I Lascaris founds the Empire of Nicea, to the southeast of Constantinople
(Lascaris Dynasty). Lasts until 1261.
Theodore Lascaris rules 1206-1222. 1206
Emergence of Delhi as the Mohammedan capital of India. 1206
Start of the Delhi Sultanate, the first Mohammedan kingdom in India.
This dynasty will end in 1398.
Moslem rule in India will, however, continue until 1526.
Battle of Wassenberg. July 27, 1206
Philippe II Augustus, King of France, defeats Otto IV of Saxony at Wassenberg.
Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton (c.1150-1228) to be Archbishop of Canterbury
(1207-1228) in England. 1207
John, King of England, refuses to let him take the position.
Geoffrey de Villehardouin. c.1207
“La Conquête de Constantinople”.
First French vernacular history.
Provides an accurate account of the events of 1198-1207.
Amalric of Bène dies. 1207 The Amalricians are named after him.
Amalric of Bène argued that God (the Creator) and the Creation are one (Pantheism).
Amalrician Heresy is widespread.
Order of the “Brothers of the Knighthood of Christ of Livonia against the Prussians” (also
called “the Knights of Dobrin”). 1207
Founded by the Cistercian bishop, Christian of Prussia (the first Bishop of Prussia).
Raymond VI of Toulouse refuses to restore to Christian use the churches that he had seized
for use of the Albigensians (Albigensian heresy). 1207
Pope Innocent III excommunicates Raymond VI of Toulouse.
Death of Kaloyan of Bulgaria. 1207
He is succeeded by his nephew Boril.
Battle of Philippopolis (Plovdiv). 1208
Henry of Flanders, the new Latin Emperor of Constantinople, defeats the Bulgarians under
Boril, the nephew of Kaloyan (now deceased).
Pope Innocent III.
Places England under papal Interdict because of King John's rejection of Stephen Langton
as Archbishop of Canterbury. 1208
John of England’s subjects are released from their oath of allegiance to the King of England.
The Albigensian heretics murder the papal legate Peter of Castelan, who had pronounced
the excommunication of Raymond VI of Toulouse.
Raymond VI, the count of Toulouse, is the major defender of the Cathari (Albigensians). 1208
This murder leads Innocent III to launch the Albigensian Crusade. Innocent III adjures Philip
Augustus, King of France, to march against the heretics.
Philip Augustus of France supports Pope Innocent III.
First recorded appearance of the word ”universitas” (meaning “the corporation”). 1208
Found in a letter written by Pope Innocent III.
Beginning of the Albigensian Crusade (1208-1213). 1208
Innocent III calls for a crusade, within Christendom itself, against the Albigensians, a
heretical sect in France.
The Crusade is led by Simon IV of Montfort, the Earl of Leicester.
The Albigensian Crusade will last from 1208-1213.
Among their many doctrines, the Albigensians teach that there was no need of discipline,
because there is no heaven or hell.
They reject the Old Testament, the New Testament, the Indivisible Trinity, and the existence
of Heaven and hell.
Philip of Swabia is murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach. 1208
Consecration of the Church of Fossanova Abbey, near Piperno. 1208
Otto IV of Saxony. Holy Roman Emperor. 1209-1215
Otto IV is of the House of Hohenstaufen.
John King of England (b.1166-1216) seizes all Church property in England.
John takes over all of the revenues of the Catholic Church in England.
He takes over all of the operations of the Church. Bishops are forced to flee the realm. 1209
John, King of England invades Scotland. 1209
Founding of Cambridge University. 1209
Cambridge started with a migration of scholars from Oxford University.
Pope Innocent III. 1209 Excommunicates John, King of England, in the controversy over Lay
Investiture of the Archbishop of Canterbury and for his attacks on Church property in England.
Magdeburg Cathedral. Germany. 1209
Raymond VI of Toulouse rejects the Albigensian Heresy (Albigensianism).
He submits to the Church and does penance. 1209
John, King of England.
Expulsion of the Jews from England. 1209
Crusaders kill 20,000 Albigensians at Béziers. 1209
Incessant summer rains and severe winter once again produce famine and disease in England. Thousands perish. 1209
Otto IV of Saxony is crowned emperor at Rome. 1209
Otto IV. Holy Roman Emperor. 1209-1215
Francis of Assisi (1181-1226).
The group around Francis has grown to twelve.
Francis walks from Assisi to Rome in order to seek the approval of Pope Innocent III for his
rule of life.
Verbal approval is given by Pope Innocent III to the rule of life for the “Order of Friars Minor”,
started by Francis of Assisi. 1210 Francis founds what is called the “Order of Friars Minor”.
Saint Anthony (Antonio) of Padua. Portuguese.
(b.1190 or 1195, Lisbon-d. June 13, 1231, Arcella, Italy).
Joins the Canons of St. Augustine. 1210
Pope Innocent III.
Excommunicates Otto IV, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, for attacking Italy. Nov. 1210
Council of Paris. 1210
Prohibits the reading of Aristotle or Averrhoist commentaries on him.
Condemnation of the “Metaphysics” of Aristotle.
David of Dinant’s book “Quaternuli”, now lost, is condemned and burned by the Council of Paris.
Council condemns the pantheism of Amalric of Bène (d. 1207).
Amalric argues that God (the Creator) and the Creation are one.
Ten Amalricians (Amalrician Heresy) are burned at the stake. 1210
The Amalricians, enlarged on the heresy of Amalric of Bène, that rejected the existence of
heaven and hell.
Evidence of Cathar (Albigensianism) heretics in England. 1210
140 self professed Cathar (Catharism) heretics are captured at Minerve and burned at one time. 1210
John of Brienne. King of Jerusalem. 1210-1225
Rheims Cathedral. France.
Construction begins (will be completed in 1427). 1210
First architect is Jean d’Orbais.
First war between Venice and Genoa. 1210-1212
The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan begin invasion (1210-1215) of China.
Devastation of the Ch’in Empire of China (1210-1215). 1210
The Mongol hordes under Genghis Khan unleash their military might (attacks from the flanks, encirclement, obstructed escape routes, slaughters, and massacres) in two carefully planned
annual assaults.
The Mongols will later utilize techniques of the Chinese (artillery, signal systems, and the art
of siege).
Hermann von Salza (c.1165-1239).
Fourth Grand Master of the Order of Teutonic Knights. 1210-1239
Friedrich II, “Stupor Mundi” (“Wonder of the World”), is elected German emperor, rival king
of Germany. 1211
Otto IV also continues to reign.
Iltutmish. Moslem sultan of Delhi, India. 1211-1236
St. Clare of Assisi (1194-1253).
Clare slips away on the night of Palm Sunday against her family’s protests and goes to the
Franciscans at Saint Mary of Angels. 1211
John, King of England, is at war with Llywellyn the ruler of Wales. 1211
Alfonso II. King of Portugal. 1211-1223
Theodore I Lascaris kills Sultan Kaîkhosru of Iconium in battle. 1211
Frederick II (Hohenstaufen), b.1194-d.1250 (“Stupor Mundi”).
King of Germany. 1212-1220
Destruction of London England by a terrible fire. 1212
3,000 perish.
Sicily is devastated by floods. 1212
Unknown number of thousands dead.
John, King of England (b.1166-d.1216).
Exploits feudal rights provoking a plot against him. 1212
Saint Clare (Clara degli Sciffi) founds the Order of Poor Clares. 1212
Second Order of Franciscans (for women).
Saint Francis of Assisi (1181-1226).
Determined to preach to the Mohammedans, Francis sets out for Syria in the fall of 1212.
He is shipwrecked on the way. 1212
Alfonso VIII recaptures Alarcos from the moslems. June 1212
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. July 16, 1212
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Between a huge army of 600,000 Mohammedans under Mohammed al Nasin, and the allied
armies of Christian knights from Castile, Léon, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal led by Alfonso VIII.
The Christian army of 100,000 men is led by Alfonso VIII.
The Mohammedans under Mohammed I, son of el-Mansur, are routed near Toledo.
Very few of their enormous host escape from the field.
This is a major victory against the Mohammedan resistance to the Christian reconquest of
Spain (711-1492).
The Christian army kills over 150,000 Mohammedans in battle.
Granada remains under Mohammedan rule.
Conquest of Candia (Crete) by Venice. 1212
Eighty heretics of both noble and non-noble birth, are burnt after failing in the ordeal of
red-hot iron. 1212
Death of St. Felix of Valois (1127-1212). November 4, 1212
The Children’s Crusade. 1212-1213
Crusade of 70,000 unarmed children to free the Holy Land.
In France, 30,000 youths led by the young boy, Stephen of Cloyes, leave by ship (Aug. 1212)
from Marseilles to Alexandria.
They are captured and sold into slavery.
50,000 youths from Germany, led by the German boy, Nicholas of Cologne, march across the
Alps into Italy. They march down the shores of Italy looking for transportation to the Holy
Land through the Mediterranean.
Pope Innocent III.
Declares John, King of England, deposed. 1213
Innocent III invites Philip Augustus, King of France, to invade England.
John, King of England, is forced to hurriedly make his submission to the papal legate Pandulf.
King John promises to accept Stephen Langton, as Archbishop of Canterbury, to restore all
stolen church property, and compensate for all of the damages that he caused.
England and Ireland become papal fiefs.
Pope Innocent III. 1213
Sends out a letter summoning both church and secular rulers to a general Church council
that is to open in 1215.
The next two years are to be used for planning and preparation.
Death of Marie d’Oignies (1177-1213) at Oignies, France. June 23, 1213
Stigmatica and ecstatica.
Battle of Muret September 13, 1213
(Part of the Albigensian Crusade).
Fought between 1,700 Christians under Simon IV de Montfort and the Albigensians under
Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, aided by his brother in law Peter II of Aragon.
Peter II of Aragon leads an army of 10,000 men to the relief of Toulouse.
Simon IV de Montfort strikes with a sudden charge at the host led by Peter II of Aragon.
The forces of Peter II of Aragon are not prepared for the shock.
The Albigensians are destroyed by the 1,700 Christian knights of Simon IV de Montfort.
Peter II of Aragon is killed in battle.
Raymond VI of Toulouse makes peace.
Francis of Assisi. 1213-1214
Makes his second attempt to preach to the Mohammedans.
This attempt also fails when Francis falls ill in Spain while he is on the way to Morocco.
Francis is forced to return back to Italy.
Council of St. Albans. 1213
Precursor of Parliament.
Alexander of Neckham (1157-1217). English.
Elected Abbot of Cirencester. 1213
The Alahambra, Granada. Begun. 1213
Will be completed 1388.
James I (b.1208-d.1276), the Conqueror. King of Aragon. 1213-1276
Death of St. John of Matha (1160-1213). Dec. 17, 1213
Truce between John, King of England, and Llywelyn of Wales. 1213
Continuation of the Mongol invasion of China. 1213
Genghis Khan attacks the Ch’in Empire of northern China.
Battle of Bouvines (France). July 27, 1214
Philippe II Augustus, King of France, with 10,000 French, and the German King Friedrich II,
crush an anti-French alliance of 15,000 men led by John, King of England, Otto IV, the Holy
Roman Emperor, and the Count of Flanders.
Philippe II Augustus leads at the center. Robert, Count of Dreux, leads the left flank.
Odo III of Burgundy leads the right flank.
John’s last hope of recovering Normandy and Anjou is extinguished.
St. Dominic (1170-1221). Spanish founder of the Dominican Order. Receives the Rosary,
during an apparition, from the Virgin Mary. 1214
Henry I. King of Castile. 1214-1217
Simon IV, Count of Montfort, the leader of the Albigensian Crusade, gives St. Dominic a castle
at Casseneuil. 1214
Dominic founds an order devoted to the conversion of heretics, especially the Albigensians/
Cathars (Albigensianism/Catharism).
Birth of Roger Bacon (1214-1294). 1214
Genghis Khan (Mongol chief) and his hordes come down from Mongolia, and capture Peking,
China. 1215
St. Dominic of Caleruega (1170-1221). Spanish.
His order is approved by Bishop Fouques of Toulouse. 1215
The Dominican Order is founded especially to combat heresy through education, teaching,
argument, oratory, and example.
Will be formally approved by Pope Honorius III in December 1216.
Pope Innocent III (d.1216).
Fourth Lateran Council (the Twelfth General Church Council). Nov. 1215
Largest assembly of its kind in the history of the Church up to this time.
412 bishops and 800 abbots are present.
Innocent III traces the evils of the Church to the shortcomings of the clergy.
The Council re-affirms the New Testament doctrine of Transubstantiation; that is, that the
body of Christ is present in the Eucharist.
Adopts measures to counteract the heresies of Catharism, Waldensianism, and Albigensianism.
Provides an almost sentence by sentence refutation of the teachings of Catharism/ Albigensianism/Waldensianism.
Repeats that married persons can attain to eternal salvation as well as the celibate–this is
directed in particular to refute the Albigeois and Cathari.
Condemns the teachings of abbot Joachim of Flora (d.1202) on the Trinity.
Condemns pantheism, sorcery, witchcraft, and astrology.
The Council temporarily forbids new rules (religious orders).
Council members deny the request of Saint Dominic (1170-1221) that his group be established.
Discusses reforms in the area of education.
Makes decisions to place special emphasis on Christian teaching activity among the
Mohammedans, Jews, and pagans, and to combat all heretical doctrines.
Calls for a Fifth Crusade.
Renewal of the prohibition (1210) of the reading of Aristotle by papal legate. 1215
Papal legate orders all students at the University of Paris to abstain from reading the writings
of David of Dinant and other heretics. 1215
David of Dinant was an Aristotelian, basing himself on pure logic.
He taught a form of materialistic pantheism.
Emperor Otto IV is deposed. 1215
Frederick II (1194-1250) is crowned Emperor at Aachen (Aix-la-Chápelle).
He is known as “Stupor Mundi”, the “astonishment of the world”. 1215
Reign of Emperor Frederick II (“Stupor Mundi”). 1215-1250
The Magna Carta (“Great Charter”). June 15, 1215
The Magna Carta of England is sealed by John I Lackland, King of England, at Runnymede,
England, at the insistence of 2,000 discontent English barons.
The barons refuse to fight on foreign soil and demand an end of illegal levies by the king.
One of the reasons was the disastrous defeat of King John at the Battle of Bouvines (July
1214) in France.
Baron’s War (1215-1217). Begins. Oct. 1215
Civil War in England.
St. Francis of Assisi. 1216
Obtains the famous Portiuncula Indulgence from Pope Innocent III.
Francis of Assisi receives formal charter for his order, the Friars Minor.
The Order will later be called the Franciscan Order.
Pope Innocent III.
Condemns and annuls the Magna Carta of England as an unlawful act of rebellion of the
people against a royal government. 1216
Louis (the future Louis VIII of France) is called in by some
of the English barons to aid in the baron’s revolt. Jan. 1216
Some of the English nobles support succession of Prince Louis of France.
Prince Louis of France, pretender to the throne of England, enters London. May 1216
Death of John (1166-1216), King of England. Oct. 19, 1216
Henry III becomes King of England (he is nine years old). Oct. 28, 1216
Henry III of England will rule from 1216 until his death in 1272.
Peter. Latin Emperor of Constantinople. 1216-1217
Death of Pope Innocent III. 1216
He is succeeded by Honorius III (1216-1227).
St. Dominic (1170-1221). Dec. 22, 1216
Receives formal papal approval from Pope Honorius III for the rule of life of the “Order of
Preachers” (the Dominican Order).
Landing of a French force in England. 1217 Prince Louis (the future Louis VIII, King of
France), the son of Philippe II Augustus, King of France, supported by some of the English
nobles, claims the throne of England.
Battle of Lincoln. May 1217
(Part of the First Baron’s War of England).
The French are defeated at Lincoln by the barons that are loyal to Henry III, King of England.
Treaty of Lambeth. Sept. 1217
The French withdraw from England.
Prince Louis, the pretender to the throne of England, returns to France.
Meeting of Saint Francis of Assisi and Saint Dominic in Rome. 1217
Saint Francis of Assisi. 1217
Convenes the first general chapter of his Order at Portiuncula.
Saint Francis seeks to organize the tremendous number of followers that have been attracted
to him and to his way of life.
Arrival of Franciscans in Portugal at Olivais near Coimbra. 1217
Arrival of the Dominican Order in England. 1217
Expiration of the truce between the Christians and the Mohammedans. 1217
Battle of Alcácer do Sol. 1217
(Part of the Portuguese Reconquista).
Alfonso II, the third King of Portugal, attacks the moslem stronghold
at Alcácer do Sol in the Estremadura. Alfonso II defeats the moslem force.
A large army of Crusaders assemble at Acre with John of Brienne, King
of Jerusalem, Andrew II, King of Hungary, Hugh of Lusignan, King of Cyprus, and Leopold V,
Duke of Austria. 1217
Oliver of Paderborn.
Begins to write the “Historia Damiatina”. 1217-1222
(“The Capture of Damietta”).
Ferdinand III (b.1199-d.1252). King of Castile. 1217-1252
Will be King of Castile and Léon (1230-1252).
Haakon IV. King of Norway. 1217-1263
Pope Honorius III.
Authorizes a crusade against paganism in Prussia. 1217
Fifth Crusade. 1218-1221
Originally proclaimed by Pope Innocent III (c.1160-1216) in 1215.
Led by Pelasius, the papal legate, Andrew II, King of Hungary, and
John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem.
Directed against the moslem forces in Egypt.
The Crusaders felt that Jerusalem could be held only if Egypt is held.
Siege of Damietta, Egypt. 1118-1119
Hermann von Salza is present at the attack on Damietta located on the Nile delta. May 1218
Damietta will be captured Nov. 1219.
Death of Saphadin, brother of Saladin. 1218
Pestilence in Damietta, Egypt. 1218
67,000 perish. Only 3,000 survivors are left alive in the city.
Earthquake. France. 1218
Mount Franche Comté opens and engulfs all of the inhabitants.
5,000 are killed.
Arrival of the Dominican Order (Friars Preachers) in Paris. 1218
Death of Simon de Montfort I. 1218
John Asen II (son of John Asen I). King of Bulgaria. 1218-1241
Civil Wars of Bulgaria. 1218
3,000 are killed.
Mongols attack the Empire of Khwarazm. 1218-1225
Mongol hordes from Central Asia conquer Turkestan and Afghanistan.
Battle of Karaku. 1218
(Part of the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire).
Fought between 400,000 Mongols under Genghis Khan and 200,000 Khwarazmians (moslem)
under Sultan Mohammed II of Kharizma.
Both armies withdraw at nightfall after very heavy losses on both sides.
Rule of Robert of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Byzantium (Constantinople). 1218-1228
Will lose all of his lands except for Constantinople.
Francis of Assisi.
The Franciscans now number over 5,000 men. 1219
Francis sends his first missionaries to Tunis and Morocco from another general chapter,
attended by his 5,000 friars.
Francis of Assisi sends missionaries to Spain and Hungary. 1219
Francis of Assisi.
Goes to Egypt with twelve friars in order to convert the Mohammedans in Palestine and Egypt. 1219
He speaks before the Sultan of Egypt, Malek Al-Kâmil, at Damietta, Egypt.
Damietta at this time is being besieged by the Crusaders.
Jerusalem is destroyed within and without by Coradin, son of Saphadin (the brother of
Saladin). March 1219
Damietta. Nov. 5, 1219
Following a long siege of one year and a half, the Crusaders capture the city of Damietta
on the Nile delta.
Valdemar II, King of Denmark, and Archbishop Andrew of Lund lead a crusade against
paganism in Estonia. 1219
Battle of Khojend. 1219
(Part of the Mongol Conquest of Central Asia).
Juji (Juchi), the eldest son of Genghis Khan, encounters the Moslem army of Kwarazim
commanded by Mohammed the Shah of Khwarizm.
After a murderous struggle in which each side loses tens of thousands of men, both armies
pull back.
Otrar. 1219
(Part of the Mongol invasion of Khorezm).
This city (now in Uzbekistan) is besieged by 200,000 Mongols under Oktai and Zagatai, sons
of Genghis Khan.
Otrar is defended by 60,000 men under Gazer Khan.
The citadel holds out for five months and then falls to the Mongol hordes.
12,000 of the original 60,000 defenders remain alive.
Nordland (Norway). 1219
The St. Lawrence Lake bursts.
36,000 perish by drowning.
St. Andrea, Vercelli, Italy. c.1219
St. Dominic (1170-1221).
Convokes the first general council of the recently formed Dominican Order in Bologna, Italy. 1220
St. Dominic and his associates are so successful in Lombardy against rising heresy that
over 100,000 people are reclaimed to Christianity. 1220
Arrival of the Dominican Order in England. 1220
They are welcomed by Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury.
Francis of Assisi returns to Italy from Egypt. 1220
Coradin, Prince of Damascus, destroys Safita. 1220
Five Franciscans are first tortured and then beheaded by moslems when they refuse to deny
the divinity of Jesus Christ. January 1220
They are killed in Morocco by Abu-Jacub.
Saint Anthony of Padua (1195-1231). Portuguese. Leaves the Canons Regular of St. Augustine
and joins the Franciscan Order, hoping to preach to the Mohammedans. 1220
Anthony of Padua becomes ill en route to Morocco. 1220-1221
Anthony is forced to turn back and recuperate at Messina, Sicily.
Frederick II (1194-1250) is formally crowned Emperor at Rome. 1220
Holy Roman Emperor: 1220-1250.
Henry III, King of England is crowned at Westminster. 1220
Bukhara (Bokhara). 1220
(Part of the Mongol conquest of Central Asia).
100,000 mounted Mongols commanded by Genghis Khan, with two of his sons Juji (Juchi)
and Jagatai (Chagatai) approach Bokhara.
On the approach of the Mongol horde, the entire moslem garrison of 20,000 men, flees from
the place.
Genghis Khan orders the slaughter of the inhabitants of Bokhara.
The city is then sacked and burned by the Mongols.
Destruction of Samarkand by Genghis Khan. June 1220
The ancient city of Samarkand, defended by 110,000 men under Alub Khan, is besieged by
the Mongol horde under Genghis Khan.
The defenders of Samarkand are almost all killed.
The Mongol horde conquers eastern territories of the Caliphate. 1220
Herat. 1220
(Mongol Invasion of Afghanistan)
20,000 Mongols appear before the walls of Herat.
Herat surrenders, and is put under Mongol rule.
Death of St. Angelus of Jerusalem (1185-1220). May 5, 1220
Carmelite Order. Was a convert from Judaism to Christianity.
Master of St. Matthew. Italian.
"Crucifix ". Painting. c.1220
Salisbury Cathedral, England. Begun. 1220
Early English Gothic Cathedral.
Built 1220-1258.
Amiens Cathedral, France. Rebuilt. 1220-1270 Burned in 1218.
Limburg Cathedral, Germany. ca.1220
Wells Cathedral. England. 1220-1255
Brussels Cathedral. Begun. 1220
Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci (1175-1250). Italian.
"Practica Geometriae". Published. 1220
Writings on Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry.
Poland is inundated by constant rain. 1220
Number of dead is unknown.
Jordanus Nemorarius. c.1220
Uses letters as variables instead of generalizing from specific numerical cases.
Uses letters for algebraic symbols.
Cotton is manufactured in Spain. 1220
Opening of the fourth general Chapter of the Franciscan Order at Portiuncula. May 30,1221
Saint Francis of Assisi is present.
Saint Anthony of Padua (he is about 26 years old at the time) is present but he is unnoticed.
Death of Saint Dominic (1170-1221) at Bologna. August 6, 1221
Dominic is forced by illness to return from preaching in Hungary.
Third Order of Saint Francis of Assisi. 1221
Founded for lay persons.
The Crusaders lose the city of Damietta, Egypt. 1221
They abandon the Fifth Crusade (1218-1221).
Crusaders evacuate Egypt.
Saint Elizabeth of Hungary (1207-1231), Hungarian princess, marries Louis IV of Thuringia. 1221
Dominicans settle at Oxford University. 1221 The Dominicans of Oxford regarded the salvation of the Jews as their primary objective.
Friedrich II of Germany, tightens his hold on Sicily. 1221-1225
Herat (Afghanistan). 1221 Herat rebels against Mongol rule.
All of the men, women, and children of the city of Herat are massacred by the Mongols.
Merv (Part of the Mongol conquest of Central Asia). March 1221 Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan, takes his Mongols to the ancient city of Merv
(Mary) on the Murghab River.
The Mongols pour through, they massacre all of the inhabitants.
The Mongols turn the Moslem city into a burned out wasteland.
Bamian (Part of the Mongol conquest of Central Asia). 1221 Ghengis Khan, with 40,000 Mongols, lays siege to the city of Bamian in Afghanistan.
All of the inhabitants are massacred by the Mongols.
The buildings are burned to the ground.
Advance of Ghenghis Khan and the Mongol hordes to the Indus River. 1221
Invasion of the Sultanate (Mohammedan) of Delhi, India by the Mongol horde. 1221
Battle of the Indus River. 1221
(Part of the Mongol Conquest of Central Asia).
Genghis Khan with 40,000 mounted Mongols defeats Jalal-ad-Din, the Moslem sultan, with
some 30,000 men.
The Mongol horde stands unchallenged from Tibet to the Caspian Sea.
Burgos Cathedral, Spain. Begun (to 1567). 1221
Niccola Pisano (c.1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect.
Moves to Naples where he works on the Castel Capuano and the Castel dell’Uovo. 1221
Appearance of the “sonnet” in Italian poetry. 1221 The development of the sonnet is credited to the Italian writer Giacomo da Lentini.
Saint Anthony of Padua (1195-1231).
Preaches against the Cathars (Catharism) in upper Italy. 1222-1224
Jordanus Nemorarius. German.
Elected the second General of the Dominican Order. 1222
First appearance of the dreaded Mongols in Europe. 1222
Saxo Grammaticus.
“Gesta Danorum.” 1222
A history of Denmark to 1222. Written in Latin.
St. Raymond of Peñafort (1175-1275).
Joins the Dominican Order at Barcelona, Spain. 1222
Founding of the University of Padua in Italy. 1222
The English pass a law ordering every Jew above the age of six to wear a distinctive
yellow badge upon his clothing. 1222
Empire of Nicaea under John III Ducas Vatatzes is ruling from Nicaea (modern day Isnik,
Turkey). 1222-1254
A terrible earthquake is felt all over northern Italy. December 25, 1222 This earthquake had been previously prophesied by St. Francis of Assisi.
The final rule written by Saint Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) is approved by Pope Honorius III. 1223
Albert the Great (1206-1280). 1223
At the age of sixteen, Albert enters the Dominican Order at the University of Padua where he
is a student.
St. Raymond of Peñafort (1175-1275). 1223-1238
“Summa de Poenitentia” (also called “Summa Casuum”). Compiled.
St. Peter Nolasco (c.1189-1258) and St. Raymond of Peñafort (1175-1275) receive approval
for their Order of Our Lady of Ransom (the Mercedarians) from Bishop Berengarius of
Barcelona. 1223
St. Peter Nolasco is Master General.
The Mercedarian Order is supported by James, King of Aragon.
Sancho II (b.1209-d.1248). King of Portugal. 1223-1245
Death of Philip II Augustus, King of France. 1223
His reign lasted forty three years.
He is succeeded by Louis VIII, the Lion. Louis VIII rules 1223-1226.
Louis VIII is the father of St. Louis (Louis IX of France, b.1214-d.1270).
Guillaime de Bretagne.
“Philippeis”. c.1223
Latin epic about Philip II Augustus, King of France.
Subutai, leads armies of Genghis Khan in the first Mongol invasion of Russia. 1223
Battle of the Kalka River. 1223
Mongols under Subutai defeat a Russian force of 80,000 men at the Kalka (Kalmius) River,
near the sea of Azov.
The Mongols withdraw immediately after defeating the Russians.
St. Francis of Assisi.
Appoints St. Anthony of Padua (1195-1231) teacher of Theology. 1223
Death of Christina the Astonishing (“Mirabilis”), 1150-1224, at Saint-Trond. Ecstatica. July 24, 1224
Saint Francis of Assisi (d.1226).
Receives the stigmata, two years before his death. September 14, 1224
While he is on Mount Alvernia in the Apennines, he has a vision while he is outside a cave.
The figure of Jesus Christ on the cross appears to him, and wounds simultaneously open on
Francis's hands, feet, and side. They are not simple lesions, but exactly simulate the wounds
of Christ. They are never to leave him.
Arrival of the Franciscan Order (Friars Minor) in England. 1224
Franciscans settle at Oxford University. They are led by Agnellus of Pisa.
Founding of the University of Naples by Emperor Frederick II. 1224 First European University that is granted a royal charter.
Outbreak of Anglo-French war (1224-1227). 1224
France declares war on England.
The French seize English lands in France between the Garonne and the Loire River.
Dry winter with poor harvest causes severe famine in England. 1224 Thousands perish.
Emperor Frederick II (1194-1250) requires that for the practice of medicine, a degree (license)
from the School of Salerno is required. 1224
The student has to survive a three year course in “scientia logicalis”, meaning natural science
and philosophy.
He then has to study medicine at the school for five years.
Next comes practice for one year under the supervision of an experienced physician.
Birth of the future Saint Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) at Roccasecca near Aquino, Italy. 1224
St. Anthony of Padua (1195-1231).
Preaches against the Cathar (Albigensian) heresy in Southern France. 1224-1227
“The Lamb of God and Prophets.” 1225
Italian-Byzantine mosaic. Baptistry, Florence.
Frederick II (1194-1250) marries Isabelle de Brienne, heiress of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1225
The works of Johannes Scotus Eriugena are solemnly censured by the Church. 1225
Beauvais Cathedral. France. 1225-1552
The English win Gascony, regaining much of the land lost in 1224. 1225
The Magna Carta is reissued for the third time in definitive form. 1225
Battle of Karamuran. 1225 Between 200,000 Mongols under Genghis Khan and 350,000 Turks and Chinese under
Shidasker of Tangat.
Shidasker is defeated with a loss of almost 200,000 men.
Leonardo of Pisa (also called Fibonacci).
“Liber quadratorum” (“The Book of the Square”). 1225
Provides a major advance in number theory since the works of Diophantus one thousand
years earlier.
Writes on Diophantine Equations of the second degree.
Jordanus Nemorarius. c.1225
“Algorismus Demonstratus” (“Algorithm Demonstrated”).
Uses letters in an early form of algebraic notation.
“De numeris datis” (“On given numbers”). c.1225
Contains rules for solving problems.
“Mechanica.” c.1225
Contains a law of the lever and the law of the composition of movements.
“Elementa Jordani super demonstrationen ponderis”. c.1225
(“Elements for the demonstration of weights”).
Death of Louis VIII, the Lion, King of France. 1226
He is succeeded by his son Louis IX (1214-1270), age 12.
Louis IX, King of France rules 1226-1270.
Louis VIII’s widow, Blanche of Castile, acts as Regent for the boy king until he comes of age
in 1234.
Upon the request of Konrad Mazowiecki, the Polish Duke of Masovia,
Frederick II (1194-1250), dispatches the Palestine based Order of the Teutonic Knights under
the Grand Master Hermann von Salza to undertake
the Christianization, colonization, and conquest (to 1283) of Prussia. 1226
They are to help in the struggle against the pagan Prussians.
Golden Bull of Rimini. 1226 Frederick II grants the Order of Teutonic Knights sovereignty
over Prussia. He appoints Hermann von Salza, Prince of the Empire.
Lombard League is re-established against Frederick II. 1226
Death of St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) at Assisi. October 3, 1226
He is in his forty fifth year.
The destruction of Toulouse. 1226-1229
Pope Honororius III.
Confirms the order of the Carmelites (the Carmelite Order). 1226
Laon Cathedral. Completed. 1226
Founding of the University of Salamanca. 1227
Gregory IX. Pope. 1227-1241
Alfonso IX of Leon recaptures Badajoz from the moslems. 1227
Cathedral of Toledo, Spain, begun.
Spanish Gothic style. Will be completed in 1500. 1227
Truce in the Anglo-French War (1224-1227) is proclaimed. 1227
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, finally sets out for Jerusalem.
He is forced to turn back by illness. Sept. 1227
Great famine, throughout Ireland. 1227 Thousands perish.
Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. 1227 Frederick II is forbidden to go on a crusade as long as he is under excommunication.
Saint Anthony of Padua (1195-1231).
Serves as Provincial of the Italian province of Romagna. 1227-1230
After several campaigns (1205, 1207, 1209), the Mongols finally destroy the Hsi Hsia
Kingdom in China. 1227
Massacre at Ning-hsia.
Genghis Khan finally dies. 1227 Ogadai (Ugudei), son of Genghis Khan, will become the Mongol ruler, great khan, in 1229.
Partition of the Mongol Empire between each of the other sons of Genghis Khan (khanates).
Batu receives Juchi, Kipchak in Russia.
Jagatai receives the former Kara-Khitai empire.
Tului receives eastern Mongolia and North China.
Karakorum becomes the capital of the Mongol Empire.
Battle of Bornhöved. July 1227
North Germans severely beat the royal Danish army.
End of Danish control of Schleswig-Holstein province.
Canonization of St. Francis of Assisi. 1228
Church of Saint Francis at Assisi is begun. Completed in 1239. 1228
Saint Anthony of Padua (1195-1231) begins permanent residence at Padua, Italy. 1228
Frederick II (1194-1250) once again sets out for the East, but this time he is under
excommunication. 1228
He proceeds first to Cyprus and then on to Jerusalem.
The Sixth Crusade. 1228-1229
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II leads the Knights of the Teutonic Order to the Holy Land.
Frederick II at the time is under excommunication.
He recovers Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth for the Christians by making a treaty (1229)
with the Sultan of Egypt Melik-el-Kâmil.
This treaty will end in 1244.
This treaty was forbidden by the Pope.
Knights of the Teutonic Order begin taking over parts of Russia. 1228
Founding of the University of Vercelli in Italy. 1228
Flood. Friesland, Holland. 1228
Country is devastated by an irruption of the sea.
100,000 perish.
Walther von der Vogelweide.
“Nu Alerst Leb’Ich Min Werde”, song of the crusader. 1228
Will not be discovered until 1910.
John of Brienne. Emperor of Constantinople. 1228-1237
He is regent for the boy king.
Ogadai (Ughetai), the Great Khan, the Mongol leader, is elected successor to his father
Genghis Khan. 1229
Ogadai rules 1229-1241.
Emperor Frederick II, after his excommunication (1227) by the Pope, concludes a peace,
as King of Jerusalem, with the Sultan of Egypt al-Malik-al Kamil. Feb. 18,1229
Frederick II of Germany (b.1194-d.1250), recaptures Jerusalem.
He rides into Jerusalem, as the king of that city. March 11, 1229
He is watched by Maronite and Greek priests, by moslems, and escorted by a retinue of knights.
No bishop, no priest, no friar, no Christian awaits him at the Holy Sepulchre.
Frederick II crowns himself King of Jerusalem.
Frederick II. King of Jerusalem. 1229-1250
Frederick II attempts to slip away unnoticed during the night. 1229
Frederick II is forced to flee for his ship as the crowd hurls excrement and rotting offal at him.
Henry III, King of England, fails to capture Aquitaine, France. 1229
Friedrich II expels papal forces invading Apulia, Italy. June 1229
St. Nicaise Cathedral. France. 1229
This is one of the many churches that will be destroyed by French atheists during the French Revolution.
Church Council of Toulouse. 1229
Attempts to identify heresy and heretics (Catharism in particular).
Founding of the University of Toulouse in France. 1229
First university to be founded by a Papal Bull.
Intended as a citadel of orthodoxy “in terra Albigensium”.
Raymond of Toulouse.
Previously a supporter of Albigensianism/Catharism, adds his lands, comprising much of
southern France to royal domains. 1229
Peace of Paris. 1229
Ends the Albigensian Crusade.
James I, the Conqueror, King of Aragon (1213-1276). 1229-1235
Conquers the Balearic Islands.
Coucy Castle, France. c.1230
Bulgarian-Greek Wars. 1230
Failure of Henry III’s campaign in Poitou, France. 1230
Wars of the Seljuk Turks. 1230-1243
26,000 total war dead.
Ferdinand III (b.1199-d.1252) of Castile.
Recaptures large territory from the Mohammedans. 1230
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Ferdinand III (b.1199-d.1252) of Castile.
Unites Christian kingdom of Castile and Léon in Spain. 1230
Rules 1230-1252.
Spain is now dominated by two great Christian kingdoms, Castile in the west and Aragon in
the east.
Peace of San Germano. 1230
Between Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.
Frederick II is absolved from his excommunication.
Wenceslas I. King of Bohemia. 1230-1253
Bartholomew de Glanville (Bartholomaeus Anglicus). English.
“De Proprietatibus Rerum”. An encyclopedia of natural science.
Written in Latin, later translated into English. c.1230-1250
Cathedral of Strasbourg. 1230-1250
St. Raymond of Peñafort (1175-1275). 1230
Called to Rome by Pope Gregory IX in order to become his confessor.
Battle of Erzincan (Wars of the Seljuk Turks). 1230
Seljuk Turks under sultan Ala ud-Din Kaikobad, shatter the Persian
army of Jalal-ad-Din near Erzincan on the Western Euphrates River.
Pope Gregory IX authorizes the Teutonic Order to conquer the western Prussian pagans. 1230
Pope Gregory IX.
Establishes the Papal Order of the Inquisition at Rome with powers to investigate heresy
(Catharism, Albigensianism, and Luciferianism) throughout the Church. 1231
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) is placed by his parents in the monastery of Monte Cassino
near his home. 1231
He is seven years old at the time.
Beginning of the westward spread of the Mongols into Persia. 1231
Three year truce between England, France, and Brittany. 1231
First Mongol invasion of Korea. Aug. 1231-Jan. 1232
The Mongols take over Korea. The Mongol general Saritai leaves behind 72 officials in
various cities to maintain Mongol control over Korea.
English conspiracy against the Italian clergy. 1231
Ertogrul, chieftain of the Turks. 1231-1288
Death of St. Anthony of Padua (1195-1231). June 13, 1231
Born in Portugal in 1195, he is thirty six years old at this time.
Death of St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207-1231) at Marburg. Nov. 17, 1231
She is not yet twenty four years old.
In the spring of 1231, the army of the Teutonic Knights crosses the Vistula River. 1231
Conrad of Marburg. 1231
Appointed by Gregory IX to act as inquisitor-general in Germany.
He will later be censured in 1233 for his severity.
Ferdinand III (b.1199-d.1252) of Castile.
Leads the forces of Castile in the re-capture of Quesada, Spain from the moslems. 1231
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Battle of Jerez. 1231
Ferdinand III defeats Emia Ibn Hud of the Taifa of Murcia.
Nicola Pisano (c.1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect.
Designs the basilica of St. Anthony of Padua at Padua, Italy. 1231
Second Mongol invasion of Korea. June 1232-Dec. 1232
The Mongols crush an attempted revolt by the Koreans.
Alliance of Mongols and Sung Dynasty in Southern China. 1232
Mohammed I (1232-1272), founder of the Nasrid Dynasty (1232-1492) in moslem Granada, Spain.
Will be first king of Granada (1238-1273). 1232
Angers Castle. France. 1232
Robert Grosseteste (c.1168-1253). English Franciscan.
“Computus Correctorius”. c.1232
Provides a set of tables for the calculation of astronomical events and moving dates (e.g. Easter).
Grosseteste presents the first steps toward the development of the future Gregorian Calendar (1582).
Pope Gregory IX.
Makes the Dominican Order responsible for the extirpation of heresy. 1233
In particular, Gregory IX gives the Dominican Order sole authority to prevent the spread of the Albigensian, Cathar, and Waldensian heresies in southern France, Germany, and the rest of Europe.
The “Great Hallelujah”. 1233
Penitential movement in northern Italy.
St. Edmund of Abingdon (c.1180-1240).
Elected Archbishop of Canterbury. 1233
He will be consecrated in 1234 against his wishes.
Battle of Altenesch. May 27, 1234
Fought against heretics in Stedingen near Bremen.
Friedrich II of Germany faces a revolt by his son, Heinrich VII. 1234-1235
Theobald I (Spanish: Teobaldo). King of Navarre. 1234-1253
Canonization of Saint Dominic (1170-1221), founder of the Dominican Order. 1234
Ogadai, the Mongol Khan, leads the Mongol hordes, and completes the conquest of
Northern China (the Ch’in Empire).
The Mongols annex the Ch’in Empire. 1234
Battle of Sirgune River (aka Battle of Reisen). 1234
Knights of the Teutonic Order win the Battle of Sirguna in Prussia fought against the Prussian
pagans.
Marriage of Louis IX (1214-1270) of France to Margaret of Provence. 1234
Louis IX assumes reign of ruler when he comes of age in the same year.
St. Peter of Verona (c.1205-1252). Italian. 1234
Appointed, by Pope Gregory IX, to be inquisitor general of all of northern Italy.
Decretals of Pope Gregory IX. Issued. 1234
Compilation of papal decrees is compiled by St. Ramon de Peñafort.
Robert Grosseteste (c.1168-1253). English Franciscan.
Bishop of Lincoln. 1235-1253
Grosseteste wrote works on theology, philosophy, physics, chemistry,
astronomy, mathematics, optics, and logic.
He also knew Hebrew, Greek, and Latin.
Saint Elizabeth (Church), Marburg, Germany. 1235-1283
Pope Gregory IX.
Gives formal papal approval for the Order of Our Lady of Ransom (Mercedarians). 1235
Bonaventura Berlinghieri. Italian.
St. Francis altarpiece. Painting. c.1235
With six scenes from the life of St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226).
St. Raymond of Peñafort (1175-1275).
Named archbishop of Terragona, despite his protests. 1235
He persuades Pope Gregory IX to recall his appointment.
He will return to Spain in 1236.
Mongol campaign in Europe begins. 1235
Frederick II of Germany.
Suppresses the rebellion of his own son Henry VII. 1235
Frederick II imprisons his son Henry VII.
Mainz Public Peace. 1235
First imperial law written in the German language.
Robert Grosseteste (c.1168-1253). English Franciscan.
“Hexaemeron”.
(“On the Six Days of Creation”). c.1235
Famine, plague, and disease in England. 1235
People eat cats, dogs, mice, rats, tree bark, roots, and grass.
Thousands perish.
Bela IV. King of Hungary. 1235-1270
Frederick II of Germany declares war on the Lombard League. 1235
Destruction of the Kama Bulgars by the Mongols. 1236
Reign of Alexander Nevsky, Grand Duke of Novgorod, in Russia. 1236-1263
Fernando III of Castile.
Recaptures Córdoba, Spain from the Arab Mohammedans. June 1236
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Seizure of Szechuan, China by the Mongols. 1236-1238
Battle of Cortenuova. Nov. 27, 1237 Friedrich II of Germany, crushes the Guelph forces of the Second Lombard League at
Cortenuova, Italy.
Third Mongol invasion of Korea. July 1235-April 1239
The Mongols execute all of the Koreans who attempt to resist them.
The Sword Brothers are defeated by the Lithuanians at Siaula (Saule). 1236
Death of St. Conon of Nesi (Naso), b.1139-d.1236. March 28, 1236
Basilian abbot at Nesi (Naso), Sicily.
The Knights of the Teutonic Order unite with the Livonian order, the Brothers of the Sword. 1237
Beginning of the Second Mongol (Tartar) invasion of Russia (1237-1240). 1237
Mongol ruler Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, renews the invasion and conquest of
Russia. He has an army of 150,000 Mongol horsemen.
In three years they will subjugate Russia.
Battle of the Puig. Aug. 15, 1237
Spanish defeat the moslem forces under Zayyan ibn Mardanish.
Niccola Pisano (c.1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect. 1237
Makes his first known essay in sculpture in the alto-rilievo of the Deposition, that is still
in the tympanum of the arch over a side door
of San Martino in Lucca.
Baldwin II. Emperor of Constantinople. 1237-1261
Frederick II of Germany.
Second Lombard campaign against Guelph forces. 1237
James (Jaime) I, the Conqueror, King of Aragon, liberates Valencia.
James I drives the moslems from Valencia. Sept. 28, 1238
Part of the Spanish Reconquista of Spain (711-1492).
Formation of the Kingdom of Granada (1238-1492) by the Mohammedans. Mohammedan
kings will rule Granada from 1238 until the final expulsion of the Mohammedans from Spain
in 1492.
Mohammed I is first king of Granada. Rules 1238-1273. 1238
Frederick II of Germany.
Third Lombard campaign against Guelph forces. 1238
St. Raymond of Peñafort (1175-1275).
Elected master general of the Dominican Order (1238-1240). 1238
He is unwilling to accept his election but he finally obeys.
Henry II, the Pious. King of Poland. 1238-1241
The Mongols, under Batu, burn Moscow, Russia. 1238
Alliance of Venice, Genoa, and Pope Gregory IX against Frederick II of Germany. 1238
Frederick II of Germany and Sicily.
Makes death by burning a mandatory sentence for heresy. 1238-1239
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270), King of France, receives the Crown of Thorns from Baldwin II,
Emperor of Constantinople. 1239
Arrival of the Crown of Thorns in Paris.
Death of Hermann von Salza, Grandmaster of the Teutonic Order. 1239
Famine and disease in England. 1239
Thousands perish.
Pope Gregory IX.
Once again excommunicates Frederick II of Germany. March 1239
The Mongols sack Ani, the capital of Armenia. 1239
Pierre de Vieille Bride.
Becomes Master of the Order of St. John Hospitaller. 1239
Robert le Petit.
Convicts 183 Cathars (Catharism) at Mont-Aimé. 1239
They are burned at one mass execution.
Louis IX of France rebuilds La Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France. 1239-1246
Designed to house the relics that were brought back from the Holy Land by Louis IX, in
particular the Crown of Thorns.
The Mongols capture what is now Moscow, Russia. 1240
The Mongols under Batu Khan, capture and destroy Kiev. Dec. 6, 1240
End of Russian resistance to the Mongol hordes.
The Mongols begin to exact tribute from the Russians. 1240
Russia becomes tributary to the Mongol invaders.
Marks the completion of the conquest of Russia by the Mongols.
The Swedes attack Novgorod. 1240
Battle of the Neva. 1240
The army of Aleksandr Nevski, the Russian Prince of Novgorod (now in Russia), halts and
defeats the Swedish advance at the Neva River.
Richard of Cornwall and Simon de Montfort start Crusade to Jaffa. 1240
In England, the “Great Council” is called “Parliament”. 1240
Castel del Monte. Apulia, Southern Italy. c.1240
Built by Frederick II of Germany.
Death of St. Edmund of Abingdon (c.1180-1240). Nov. 16, 1240
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Mowlavi (1207-1273). Persian.
Writes the “Masnavi”. c.1240
Bartholomeus Anglicus (Bartholomew of England). Franciscan Order.
“De proprietatibus rerum”. 1240 (“On the Properties of things”).
A forerunner of the modern day encyclopedia. Written in nineteen books.
Thomas de Chantimpré (1201-1272).
“Liber de natura rerum”. c.1240
(“On the nature of things”).
An encyclopedic type work.
Disputation of Paris. 1240
Public debate on the Jewish Talmud.
Nicholas Donin, a Jewish convert to Christianity, presents 35 articles for discussion at the debate.
Defending the Talmud are four rabbis of France.
Their names are Yechiel of Paris, Moses of Coucy, Judah of Melun, and Samuel ben Solomon of Château-Thierry.
The result of this public debate is that the Talmuds are to be burned.
Louis IX, King of France, orders all copies of the Talmud in France to be burned (see 1242). 1240
Liebfrauenkirche (Cathedral), Trier, Germany. Begun. c.1240
Border is fixed between England and Scotland. 1240
Pope Gregory IX.
Authorizes a crusade against the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of Germany. 1240
The Mongol hordes invade Hungary, Poland, and Bulgaria. 1240
Frederick II of Germany, ravages papal Italy. 1241
Assisi is threatened by the armies of the Emperor Frederick II. 1241
St. Clare of Assisi is hurried from her bed to the city walls.
She holds up the Sacred Host before which his besieging pagan Saracen mercenaries flee.
The Mongol horde leaves its base in southern Russia and begins to cross the frozen rivers
into Central Europe. Feb. 1241
The Mongols are over 70,000 men, led by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and Subotai.
The Mongols defeat Boleslav V at Cracow, Poland. March 1241
Fall of Cracow to the Mongols.
Fall of Breslau (Wroclaw) to the Mongols. 1241
Battle of Liegnitz (Silesia) April 9, 1241
Mongol army of Kaidu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, defeats a German-Polish army
commanded by Henry II, duke of Silesia.
Over 25,000 Europeans are killed.
Kaidu then crosses the central Carpathians in order to join the main body of Mongols in Hungary.
Battle of the Sajo River (also known as the Battle of Mohi). 1241
The 100,000 man Hungarian army led by Béla IV, King of Hungary, is defeated by the Mongol horde.
The Hungarian army, with 70,000 men dead, virtually ceases to exist.
The Mongols will occupy Hungary for one year.
Ogadai (Ughetai), the ruler of the Mongols finally dies. 1241
Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, suddenly turns back east on
hearing of the death of his father, Ogadai (Ughetai).
Europe is saved from the Mongol hordes because of the retreat of the Mongol barbarians,
caused by the sudden and unexpected death of their ruler, Ogadai (Ughetai). 1241
The Mongols withdraw from Europe and return home in order to elect a new leader (Khan). 1241
With exception of the Golden Horde (from 1242) on the lower Volga River, the Mongols
vanish forever from Europe.
Master of Naumberg.
Produces sculptural works at Meissen, Mainz, and Naumberg. 1241
From 1241 to 1260.
Knights of the Teutonic Order attack Novgorod. 1242
Battle of Lake Peipus. 1242
Alexander Nevsky, Grand Duke of Novgorod, defeats an army of
Teutonic Knights in a winter battle on the frozen surface of Lake Peipus.
Bonaventure receives Master of Arts degree in Paris. 1242
In accordance with the custom of the time, he immediately begins his theological studies
under Alexander of Hales, the great English Franciscan.
Twenty four cartloads of copies of the Jewish Talmud are brought to Paris and burned
(see 1240). 1242
Batu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, establishes “the realm of the Golden Horde” for the
Mongols at Sarai, on the Lower Volga River, Russia. 1242
The Empire of the Golden Horde will dominate Russia from the south until 1480.
Russian rulers are vassals under the Mongols. 1242
English-French Wars. 1242
Henry III, King of England, foments revolt against Louis IX, King of France, in southwestern
France.
The English Parliament refuses to give Henry III money to pay for French wars.
Louis IX, King of France, puts down revolts in southwestern France. 1242-1243
Battle of Saintes (aka Battle of Taillebourg). July 1242
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270) of France defeats Henry III, King of England, at Taillebourg.
Henry III withdraws his forces from France.
Louis IX, King of France, forces Poitou to submit to him. 1242
Church Council of Tarragona. 1242
Al-Musta’sim last reigning caliph. 1242-1258
Rules until the end of the Empire of the Caliphate in 1258 when it will be destroyed by the
Mongol hordes.
Albertus Magnus.
Becomes the first German to hold a chair at the University of Paris. 1242
The Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks near Köse Dagh in eastern Anatolia. June 1243
Famine in Hungary. 1243
Caused by the Mongol invasion. Thousands perish.
Innocent IV. Pope. 1243-1254
Castile subdues the Mohammedan state of Murcia. 1243
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270), King of France.
Compels Raymond VII of Toulouse to submit to him. 1243
Five year truce between England and France. 1243
Christians retake the city of Jerusalem for one year. 1243
Siege of the Cathar (Catharism) fortress of Montségur. 1243
The Cathar stronghold will fall to a Christian army in 1244 after a ten month siege.
Founding of the University of Salamanca in Spain. 1243
Confirmed by Ferdinand III of Castile.
Boleslaus, the Chaste. King of Poland. 1243-1279
Reconquest of Jerusalem by the Egyptian Mohammedans under the Egyptian Sultan. 1244
Loss of the city of Jerusalem to Christianity.
Leads to the Seventh Crusade (1248).
Battle of La Forbie. Oct. 17, 1244
(Part of the Sixth Crusade).
Moslem forces defeat the Christian army.
Beginning of Mongol incursions into Asia Minor (Anatolia). 1244
Friedrich II of Germany invades Campagna, Italy. 1244
Pope Innocent IV is forced to flee from Rome to escape from Frederick II. 1244
He goes to Lyons.
Innocent IV remains at Lyons until after the death of Frederick II in 1250.
Founding of the University of Rome. 1244
St. Richard of Chichester, Richard de Wych (c.1197-1253).
Made Bishop of Chichester, England. 1244
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
Enters the Dominican Order. 1244
The Mongol hordes ravage Armenia, Mesopotamia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. 1245-1253
Pope Innocent IV.
Sends out his first missionaries to the Mongols. 1245
His objectives are to make conversions to Christianity and to mitigate
the Mongol depredations in Eastern Europe.
Giovanni de Plano Carpini (1180-1252). 1245
Italian Franciscan envoy of Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols.
He is sent to Karakorum, in Outer Mongolia, in order to convert the Mongol Khan, Guyuk Khan.
Giovanni, now age 65, had actually been a student of Francis of Assisi.
Benedict of Poland, another Franciscan, will be his companion to Mongolia and back.
Giovanni de Plano Carpini (1180-1252). Franciscan Order.
Leaves Lyons, on his journey to the Mongols (Tartars). April 16, 1245
He will remain there 1245-1247. He will return November 1247.
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). Dominican Order. 1245
Aquinas, age 19, goes to Paris to the convent of Saint-Jacques, the great university centre of
the Dominican Order. There he becomes a student under Albertus Magnus, a great scholar
with a wide range of interests.
Aquinas studies in Paris 1245-1252.
Albert the Great (c.1206-1280). German Dominican. 1245
Receives his doctorate degree at the University of Paris.
Thirteenth General Church Council (First Council of Lyons). 1245
Pope Innocent IV declares Emperor Friedrich II of Germany deposed.
Innocent IV re-excommunicates Emperor Frederick II of Germany.
Recalling all of the recent Mongol atrocities in Russia, Poland, and Hungary, the Council
encourages the defense of Christendom against the Mongol hordes.
Alfonso III. King of Portugal. 1245-1279
La Compagnia della Fede. 1245
An Anti-Cathar (Catharism) Christian society.
Boniface of Savoy. Archbishop of Canterbury. 1245
Present structure of Westminster Abbey, London. 1245-1258
Ch’in-Shao. Chinese.
“Mathematical treatise in nine sections”. 1245
Deals with equations of degree higher than the third degree.
La Sainte-Chapelle, Paris. 1246
Completed by St. Louis IX, King of France. Begun 1239.
Spanish Christians take back Jaén from the moslem forces in Spain. 1246
Election of Guyuk, son of Ogadai, as Khan of the Mongols. 1246
Guyuk rules 1246-1248.
Giovanni de Plano Carpini, the envoy of Pope Innocent IV, is present.
Death of Saint Lutgardis (1182-1246). Flemish. June 16, 1246
Ecstatica, stigmatica.
John Vatatzes III, Emperor of Nicaea.
Wins northern Macedonia and Thessalonica from the Bulgarians. 1246
The re-excommunicated Frederick II of Germany seizes the vacant Dukedoms of Austria
and Styria. 1246
Odense Cathedral. Denmark. 1247
Gothic style of architecture.
Death of Archbishop Rodrigo Ximenez de Rada (c.1170-1247). 1247
Under the leadership of this archbishop, Toledo, Spain became a
foremost center of education, learning, teaching, study, and translation.
Jaime (James) I of Aragon.
Orders the expulsion of all Jews from his kingdom. 1247
Roger Bacon (c.1214-1292). English Franciscan. Begins his experimental research in
chemistry, biology, physics, optics, and astronomy. 1247
Pope Innocent IV.
Preliminary approval is given by Rome to a rule of life for the Carmelites (the Carmelite Order). 1247
A bitter war in Italy is fought between Frederick II of Germany and the papal allies. 1247-1250
Founding of the University of Siena in Italy. 1247
Giovanni de Plano Carpini (1180-1252).
After leaving Karakorum, he returns from his voyage (1245-1247).
He returns to Pope Innocent IV. November 1247
Immediately upon his return, he writes his description of the Mongols. “Historia
Mongalorum Quos Nos Tartaros Appelamus” (“The Story of the Mongols Whom We
Call the Tartars”).
Fourth Mongol invasion of Korea. July 1247-March 1248
The Mongols under Amuqan mercilessly pillage the Korean peninsula.
The Seventh Crusade (1248). Begins. 1248
Crusade is launched by Louis IX, King of France.
Louis IX intends to destroy Mohammedan power in Egypt where it is the strongest.
Arrival of Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France, at Cyprus (on his way to Egypt). Sept. 1248
Ferdinand III of Castile. Nov. 1248
Re-captures Seville from the Mohammedans after a siege of two years and two months.
The Mohammedans are given one month to leave the city. Seville had been under
Mohammedan rule since the year 711.
The present Cologne Cathedral in Germany is begun. Aug. 15, 1248
The foundation stone is laid (built 1248-1880).
Sequence “Dies Irae”, attributed to Thomas of Celano (music). 1248
St. Bonaventura (1221-1274). Franciscan Order. 1248-1255
Teaches Theology and Scripture at Paris.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) receives his degree of Bachelor of Theology at the
University of Paris. 1248
Albertus Magnus (c.1206-1280). Dominican Order. 1248-1252
Teaching at Köln. Thomas Aquinas is his chief student.
Genoese take Rhodes. 1248
Friedrich II, German emperor, besieges Parma, Italy. 1248
The Lombard League defeats Frederick II at Parma.
Famine throughout Germany. Thousands perish. 1248
Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France.
Dispatches as his ambassador, the Dominican Andrew of Longumeau, on his overland
journey to the court of the Mongol Khan. 1248
Founding of the University of Piacenza, Italy. 1248
Niccola Pisano (c.1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect. c.1248
Builds the Santa Trinità at Florence, the San Domenico at Arezzo,
the duomo at Volterra, and the Pieve and Santa Margarita at Cortona.
Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France.
Lands in Egypt with a force of 40,000 Crusaders. June 4, 1249
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270), King of France.
Captures Damietta, located on the Nile Delta. 1249
Raymond VII of Toulouse orders 80 relapsed Cathar (Catharism) eretics to be burnt at Agen. 1249
Roger Bacon (1214-1294). English Franciscan.
Records the existence of explosives in his writings. 1249
Alexander III. King of Scotland. 1249-1286
Founding of University College at Oxford. 1249
Mechthild of Magdeburg (1207-1282). Ecstatica.
South German Benedictine from the convent of Helfde.
“The Flowing Light of the Godhead”. Written. 1250-1265
Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France.
Marches on to the enemy capital of Cairo, Egypt. 1250
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270), King of France. Feb. 1250
While crusading in Egypt he is defeated by the Mohammedans at the
Battle of El Mansûra. Much of his forces are massacred or taken prisoner.
He is captured by the moslems and taken prisoner with his surviving army.
End of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty. 1250
Death of German Emperor Frederick II (1194-1250), the last Hohenstaufen, actually crowned
Emperor.
He is succeeded by his son Konrad (Conrad) IV (b.1228-d.1254).
Conrad was never crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
Conrad IV rules 1250-1254.
Beginning of Mameluke rule in Egypt. 1250
The Mamelukes, descendants of former Turkish slave troops, seize power in Egypt from
the Ayyubid sultans.
They murder the last Ayyubid ruler of Egypt.
The Mamelukes, begin to rule Egypt. They take Damascus and Aleppo.
The Mamelukes will check Mongol advances.
The Mamelukes will rule Egypt until 1517.
Valdemar I. King of Sweden. 1250-1275
Birger Jarl, his father, will be regent until 1266.
“Easter Play of Muri”. Beginning of German drama. 1250
“The Harrowing of Hell”. 1250
Earliest extant English play.
Bonaventura (Giovanni de Fidenza), 1221-1274. Franciscan Order.
Receives the degree of Bachelor of Theology (Baccalaureus Sententiarum) at the University
of Paris. 1250
Master of the Magdalen. Italian. ca.1250-1270
Paints a panel of eight scenes from the life of Saint Mary Magdalen.
St. Thomas Church, Leipzig. Begun. 1250
Margaritone d’Arezzo. Italian.
“Virgin Mary and Child”. Painting.
With eight scenes from the Scriptures. c.1250
Establishment of four national colleges at the University of Paris. 1250
Vincent of Beauvais (c.1190-c.1264). French Dominican.
“Imago mundi” (“Image of the World''). c.1250
Also called the “Speculum Maius”.
Tremendous encyclopedia summarizing the knowledge of the times.
Equal to forty sizable modern volumes.
It is divided into three parts:
“Speculum naturale”
“Speculum doctrinale”
and “Speculum historiale”.
Alphonso III of Portugal.
Algarve, in the south of Portugal, is finally recaptured from the Mohammedans by
Alphonso III of Portugal. 1250
Brings Portuguese mainland to its present day limits.
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270). King of France.
Ransoms himself, and goes to the Holy Land.
Louis IX will remain in the Holy Land from 1250 to 1254. 1250
Christian forces recapture Cadiz, Spain from the moslems. 1250
Dominican Order.
Opens a “School of Oriental Studies” at Toledo, Spain. 1250
Albertus Magnus (c.1206-1280).
“On Animals”. 1250
Describes his observations of various animals and insects.
Conrad (Konrad) IV, German Emperor, son of Frederick II.
Campaigns in Italy. 1251-1254
Mangu (Möngke), grandson of Genghis Khan.
Elected Great Khan of the Mongols. 1251
Mangu rules from 1251 to 1259.
Appearance of the Virgin Mary to St. Simon Stock (c.1165-1265) on Sunday, July 16,
1251. July 16, 1251
She confers upon him the Brown Scapular with the promise that whoever wears it will
not suffer eternal fire. (Our Lady of Mount Carmel).
Aylesford, England.
Kublai Khan (Mongol) becomes Governor of China. 1251
Ottokar, Margrave of Moravia, son of King Wenceslas I of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria. 1251
Hulago conquers Persia and establishes the Mongol ruled Empire of the Il-Khans. 1251-1265
Grand Duke Mindaugas (c.1219-1263) of Lithuania pretends to convert to Christianity
before Pope Innocent IV. 1251
In 1261 Mindaugas will reject Christianity and revert back to the pagan religion of Lithuania.
The Great Khan Mongka dispatches two armies of half a million Mongols each. 1251-1259
Roger Bacon returns to Oxford, England from Paris. 1251
Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile and Leon. 1252-1284
Alfonso (b.1221-d.1284) was an author, poet, historian, astronomer, and scholar as well as king.
He wrote the “General Estoria” and the “Estoria de España”.
Alfonso X is responsible for a compilation of over 400 “Cantigas de Santa Maria”, hymns
to the Virgin Mary, in the Galician-Portuguese dialect. Causes the Scriptures to be translated
into Castilian (c.1254).
Alphonsine Tables (Tabulae Alfonsinae). c.1252
Set of astronomical tables compiled by astronomers at the command of Alfonso X, the Wise.
Alfonso X also establishes a school of manuscript illumination (c.1252).
Bruno da Longoburgo. Italian.
“Chirurgica Magna”. 1252
His writings on medicine, appear at Padua, Italy.
Pope Innocent IV.
“Ad extirpanda”. Papal Bull. 1252
Martyrdom of St. Peter Martyr (c.1205-1252). April 6, 1252
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). Dominican Order.
Called to teach at Paris. 1252
Thomas finds (1252) Averroism is rampant at the University of Paris.
Thomas teaches at Paris 1252-1261 and then again 1269-1272.
Kublai, brother of Mongka (Mangu), crushes Nan-chao. 1252-1253
Gold florin is first coined at Florence. 1252
Aleksandr Nevski (Russian).
Becomes the last Russian Prince of Vladimir. 1252
Church of St. Francis, Assisi. Completed. 1252
Death of Saint Rose of Viterbo (1235-1252). March 6, 1252
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270), King of France.
Sends Wilhelm van Ruysbroeck to the Mongol Khan. 1252
William of Rubruck leaves Constantinople (May 7), takes ship across the Black Sea to the
Crimea, and then goes overland across the Don.
Voyage 1252-1255.
Famine in England caused by incessant rains. 1252
Thousands perish.
Death of St. Clare of Assisi (1194-1253) at Assisi. August 11, 1253
St. Bonaventure (1221-1274).
Receives the degree and office of Master of Theology. 1253
John of Halifax (also known as Sacrobosco).
Introduces the Decimal System into England. 1253
Venice and Genoa are at war. 1253
The Knights of the Teutonic Order crush Prussian revolt. 1253
Roger Bacon (1214-1292) enters the Franciscan Order. c.1253
He never becomes a priest however.
Ottokar (Ottocar) II. King of Bohemia. 1253-1278
Ottokar II, King of Bohemia, seizes Austria. 1253
Rules Austria 1253-1276.
Teobaldo II. King of Navarre. 1253-1270
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“Commentary on the Sentences”. 1253-1259
Fifth Mongol invasion of Korea. July 1253-Jan.1254
Jalairtai Qorchi ravages Korea.
Conrad IV (b.1228-d.1254), son of Frederick II, continuing in his struggle with Pope Innocent
IV, prepares to renew war in Italy. 1253
Wilhem of Rubruck (aka Guillaume de Rubrouck). Flemish Franciscan.
Sent by St. Louis IX, King of France, in 1252, to visit the Mongol Khan.
Visits Mangu the Great Khan of the Mongols.
His journey takes him from Constantinople across Asia.
He travels in Central Asia and will report his experiences (to 1255).
Arrives at Karakorum (Mongolia) December 1254. 1254
Meeting of Mongka Khan, the son of a Nestorian mother, with William of Rubruck, the envoy
of Louis IX, King of France. 1254
Death of Conrad I (1228-1254), the son of Frederick II. 1254
Conrad IV is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen line.
Beginning of the “Great Interregnum” in Germany from 1254 to 1273. 1254
Bitter struggle for the Imperial crown.
During this period lawlessness prevails in Germany.
Robber barons and brigands infest the country.
There is no recognized king of Germany during this period.
Manfred rules as regent in Sicily. 1254
Alexander IV. Pope. 1254-1261
Appearance in Paris of a work known as the “Eternal Gospel” consisting of the heretical
writings of Joachim of Flora. 1254
Writings will be condemned in 1256.
Louis IX, leaves Palestine and returns to France, on the death of his mother. 1254
Louis IX (b. 1214-d. 1270) King of France.
Supports his Chaplain, Robert de Sorbonne, and founds the Paris
School of Theology (later called the Sorbonne after his Chaplain). 1254
Founded as a college for masters of arts who intend to proceed on to a doctorate in Theology.
Sixth Mongol Invasion of Korea. July 1254-Dec.1254
The Mongols under Jalairtai Qorchi launch another devastating invasion of Korea.
Jalairtai takes 206,800 Koreans as prisoners.
St. Philip Benizi (1233-1285). Italian.
Joins the Servites at Monte Senario near Florence. 1254
Treaty between Henry III,King of England, and Alfonso X of Castile. 1254
Hungary takes control of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1254
Utrect Cathedral. Holland. 1254-1382
Gothic style architecture.
Theodore II Lascaris.
Ruler of the Empire of Nicaea. 1254-1258
Birth of Marco Polo (1254-1324). 1254
First journey of the Polo brothers Nicolò Polo and Maffeo Polo (Venetian) to China.
They are in the east 1255-1269. 1255
William of Rubruck, the envoy of Louis IX (b.1214-1270), King of France, is back in Cyprus. June 1255
King Louis IX had already returned to France in 1254.
William of Rubruck is ordered by the Franciscan Order to the Franciscan house at Acre.
Manfred, half-brother of Conrad IV, wins Southern Italy. 1255
Manfred makes himself King of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Southern Italy).
Henry III, King of England, accepts Sicily for his son Edmund. 1255
Knights of the Teutonic Order found the city of Königsberg. 1255
Hugh the Little is killed in the house of a Jew named Koppin. 1255
Leon Cathedral. Gothic. 1255-1303
Seventh Mongol invasion of Korea. Sept. 1255-June 1256
The Mongols begin attacking coastal islands. Korean people are defenseless.
Paris Faculty of Arts incorporates into its curriculum all of the known writings of Aristotle. 1255
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
Receives the Master of Theology degree at Paris. 1256
Begins teaching Theology in one of the two Dominican schools incorporated in the University
of Paris.
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“De Veritate” (“On Truth”). 1256-1259
“De ente et essentia” (“On Being and Essence”). Begun 1250. 1256
“Hundred Years War” between Venice and Genoa. 1256
Pope Alexander IV.
Founds the Augustinian Order from several groups of hermits. 1256
(Order of Augustine Hermits).
Llewellyn of Wales sweeps the English from Wales. 1256
Arrival of the Carmelite Order at Oxford University in England. 1256
Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great), c.1206-1280.
Travels to Rome in order to defend the mendicant orders against attacks made by William
of St. Armour. 1256
Pope Alexander IV.
Alarmed by a report of Thomas Aquinas of the widespread Averroism at Paris, he asks
Albertus Magnus to write “On the Unity of the Intellect Against Averroës”. 1256
The teachings of Joachim of Flora (d. 1202) are condemned by the Catholic Church. 1256
“Las Siete Partidas”. 1256-1263
(“Laws of the Seven Parts”).
Alfonso X of Castile writes the legal code that is the basis of Spanish jurisprudence.
Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270), King of France.
Imposes peace on Flanders. 1256
Lisbon is made the capital of Portugal. 1256
Hulago, brother of Mangu Khan (the third ruler of the Mongol Empire). Swarms through the
Near East annihilating the Persian Assassin moslem sect, which had been spreading terror
throughout the entire area for more than 150 years. 1256
St. Bonaventure (1221-1274). Italian bishop and theologian.
Elected General of the Franciscan Order. February 2, 1257
He is thirty six years old.
St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Bonaventure (Giovanni di Fidanza) both receive their Doctorate
degrees in Theology at Paris. 1257
Death of St. Hyacinth of Poland (1185-1257). August 15, 1257
“Schloss” of Königsberg.
Built as a fortress for the Knights of the Teutonic Order. 1257
Murder of the last Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. 1257
Llywelyn of Wales assumes the title Prince of Wales. 1257
Eighth Mongol invasion of Korea. May 1257-Oct. 1257
The Korean people are completely subjugated by the Mongols.
Famine follows great “dearth” in England. Thousands perish. 1258
Genoa is defeated in the war with Venice. 1258
Provisions of Oxford. 1258
Henry III, King of England, is forced to accept a series of reforms imposed by the English barons.
Manfred, half-brother of Conrad IV, and illegitimate son of Frederick II, is crowned King of
Sicily at Palermo. 1258
Manfred rules 1258 until his death in 1266.
Treaty of Corbeil. 1258
Louis IX, king of France, ends Aragon’s claims to Provence and Languedoc by yielding
French claims to Barcelona and Roussillon.
The Mongols under Hulago (also Hulagu) Khan enter Persia. 1258
Mongol conquest of Baghdad (Abbassid). Feb. 1258
Capture, sack, and destruction of Baghdad, the capital of the Moslem
empire, a city of over one million Mohammedans, by the Mongols under Hulago Khan (1217-
1265), grandson of Gengis Khan.
60,000 of the inhabitants are killed by the Mongol horde.
Conquest of the Empire of the Caliphate by the Mongols.
Devastation of surrounding lands by the Mongols.
The Mongols overwhelmingly defeat the Caliph of Baghdad.
Al-Musta’sim is the last caliph of the Abbassid dynasty which had ruled since 750.
The Abbassids were the leaders of the so-called “orthodox” Mohammedanism.
Al-Mutsa’sim is trampled to death by horses. The Caliphate, established in 632, is destroyed.
Hulago Khan, founds the Il-Khan dynasty in Persia. 1258
Khanate rule lasts from 1258 until 1353.
The Persian empire is re-established under the rule of the Mongols.
The Mongols pillage Hanoi. 1258
John IV Lascaris. Emperor of Nicaea. 1258-1261
Michael Palaeologus is Regent (1259-1261).
Death of Saint Peter Nolasco (c.1189-1258), at Barcelona. Dec. 25, 1258
St. Bonaventure (1221-1274). Franciscan Order.
“The Journey of the Mind to God.” Written. 1259
Nicola Pisano (ca. 1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect.
Marble Pulpit (hexagonal). Baptistry, Pisa. 1259-1260
Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
Summoned to Rome by Alexander IV as lecturer to the papal court (curia). He is also
instructed to issue a corrected text of Aristotle’s works, which were known up until then,
only in faulty Arabic texts, and also write a commentary. 1259
Llywelyn of Wales.
Establishes peace between England and Wales. 1259
Treaty of Paris. 1259
Defines the extent of English possessions in France.
Ends the century old war between the houses of Plantagenet and Capet.
Kublai, Mongol leader, is elected Great Khan by his army at Shan-tu, in China. 1259
Kublai Khan will rule from 1259 until his death in 1294.
Kublai Khan’s empire will reach from the Yellow River in China to the shores of the Danube
River in eastern Europe, and from Siberia to the Persian Gulf.
Death of Gonzalvus (Gonsalvo) of Amarante (1187-1259).
Portuguese Dominican. January 10,1259
Appearance of first Flagellantes. 1259
First seen in Perugia in northern Italy and from there spread to Southern Germany (1259-1260).
Battle of Ain Jalut. Sept. 1260
The Mamelukes defeat the Mongols.
The Mongolians are defeated at Ain Jalut, Palestine.
Repulsion and defeat of the Mongol attack on Egypt by the Turkish Mamaluke army led by
Sultan Qutuz.
Defeat and death of Hulago’s general Kitboga.
The Mongol western advance is broken by the Mamelukes (mercenary slaves from the Black
Sea region), who established military rule over Egypt (1250) until 1517.
Egypt will remain an independent power until 1517, when it will finally fall to the Ottoman
Turkish Empire.
Chartres Cathedral is rebuilt (begun in 1194). 1260
Consecration of Chartres Cathedral.
Cimabue (also known as Cenno di Pepe). Italian.
“The Crucifixion”. Painting. 1260
Reign of Baybars (Baibars) I. Mameluke sultan of Egypt. 1260-1277
He first had Sultan Qutuz, the leader of the Mamaluke army, killed.
Roger Bacon (1214-1292). Franciscan Order.
First outlines the laws of reflection and refraction of light (optics). 1260
Bohemian-Hungarian Wars. 1260
Manfred. Overruns Tuscany. 1260 Becomes master of most of Italy.
Brunetto Latini (c.1220-1294).
Italian author, scholar, teacher, poet, orator, and encyclopedist.
“Li livres dou tresor”. c.1260
Produces an encyclopedia of science, history, philosophy, etc.
“Antichristus”. German Advent play. c.1260
Kublai Khan establishes the Yüan (Mongol) Dynasty (1260-1368) in China. 1260
Nicolò and Maffeo Polo move to Bokhara. 1260 They will remain here for three years.
Bartholomew of Messina (Sicily).
Translates the “Problemata physica”, written by the pseudo-Aristotle from Greek into Latin. 1260
William of Moerbeke.
Begins the translation of the writings of Aristotle from Greek into Latin. 1260
Gerard Segarelli of Parma.
Formulates the heretical doctrine of the Pseudo-Apostles. 1260
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“Commentary on Dionysius’ ‘On the Divine Names’”. 1260
Greeks from the Empire of Nicea (founded in 1206) launch an attack on the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople. 1261
The Byzantine Greeks recapture Constantinople from the Latins which held control since
1204. 1261
Restoration of Greek rule of Byzantine Empire by Greek army that overthrows the Roman
Catholic Emperor Baldwin II.
Collapse of the Latin Empire of Constantinople (originally formed as a result of the Fourth
Crusade).
Fall of Constantinople to Prince Michael VIII Paleologus of Nicea who restores Byzantine
Empire as an independent state.
Athens and other territories however still remain under European control. The Byzantine
Empire will last until 1453 when it will be destroyed by the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
Michael Paleologus VIII. Byzantine Emperor. 1261-1282
First ruler of the Palaeologus Byzantine Dynasty which will last from 1261 until the fall of
Constantinople to the moslems in 1453.
Urban IV. Pope. 1261-1264
Alphonso X of Castile (1221-1284).
Wages war against the Mohammedans in Spain. 1261-1266
Thaddeus Florentinus.
Teaches medicine at the University of Bologna. 1261
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). Italian.
“Expositio in Job ad litteram”. 1261-1264
Haakon IV, King of Norway.
Secures the submission of Greenland. 1261
Mindaugas (c.1219-1263) of Lithuania falls back into the practice of Lithuanian paganism. 1261
Ottokar II of Bohemia obtains Styria. 1261
St. Urbain. Troyes, France. 1261-1275
Pisa Cathedral. ca.1261-1272
Greeks re-establish the Greek Byzantine church. 1262
Plague and famine in Ireland. 1262
Thousand perish.
Haakon IV, King of Norway.
Secures the submission of Iceland. 1262
St. Bonaventure.
“The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi”. Written. 1263
Saint Thomas Aquinas.
Attends the Chapter-General in London, England. 1263
“The Miracle of Bolsena” at the Church of Bolsena in Italy. 1263
Balliol College, Oxford founded. 1263
Norwegian invasion of Scotland by Haakon IV of Norway. 1263 The Norwegians however are driven out of Scotland.
Battle of Largs. Oct. 2, 1263 Scottish under Alexander III of Scotland defeat Haakon IV, King of Norway.
Magnus VI. King of Norway. 1263-1280
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
Writes Hymns and Liturgical Compositions.
“Pange, lingua, gloriosi corporis mysterium”. 1263
“Verbum supernum prodiens”. 1263 (“The Word of God Proceeding Forth”).
Second Baron’s War of England (1264-1267).
Outbreak of Civil War in England. 1264 Baron’s Rebellion is led by Simon de Montfort (1263-1265).
Caused by the refusal of Henry III, King of England, to abide by the Provisions of Oxford (1258).
Henry III is forced to submit (1264).
Mindaugas, the pagan ruler of Lithuania, is killed. 1263
Mise of Amiens. Jan. 1264
Louis IX, King of France, annuls the Provisions of Oxford.
English Barons reject the Mise of Amiens. 1264 Renewal of fighting in the Second Barons’ War (1264-1267).
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
Composes the Mass and Office for the Feast of Corpus Christi. 1264
Includes the sequence “Lauda Sion Salvatorem” (“Praise, O Zion, thy Salvation”).
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“Summa Contra Gentiles”. 1264 Written to convince Mohammedans, heretics, Jews, and all those that have still rejected
Jesus Christ.
Roger Bacon (1214-1294). Franciscan Order.
“De computo naturali”. 1264
Battle of Lewes. 1264
Defeat and capture of Henry III, King of England, by English barons under Simon de Montfort.
Simon de Montfort becomes the virtual ruler of England for fifteen months until he is finally
killed in 1265.
Severe famine and disease in Egypt.
Thousands perish. 1264
Destruction of the Genoese fleet by the Venetians off Trapani, Sicily. 1264
Merton College, Oxford, founded. 1264
Parliament of Simon de Montfort. 1265 English Parliament meets for the first time under the leadership of Simon de Montfort.
Model for the House of Commons.
Battle of Evesham. Aug. 1265 Prince Edward, the son of Henry III, King of England, defeats the Barons and kills the rebel
Simon de Montfort at Evesham. Restores Henry III to throne.
Baronial resistance will end in 1267.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“De Potentia Dei” (“On the Power of God”). 1265-1267
Bohemia and Hungary are at war. 1265-1270
Roger Bacon (1214-1982). Franciscan Order.
Describes a prototype of the magnifying glass. 1265
Guido de Foulques (French), becomes Pope. 1265
Takes the name Clement IV.
Clement IV is Pope 1265-1268.
Birth of Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) in Florence. 1265
Birth of Duns Scotus (c.1265-13058). 1265
Caesarea and the Castle of Arsouf (Arsuf) fall to Baibars (Mamelukes), the Sultan of Egypt. 1265
Nicola Pisano (c.1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect.
Begins the Arca di San Domenico at Bologna. 1265 Pisano is assisted by Fra Guglielmo Agnelli.
Kublai Khan.
Founds and builds Khanbalig, modern Peking, China and makes it his capital. c.1265
Cimabue (Cenno di Pepe). Italian.
“Crucifix”. Painting at Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence. c.1265
It is 178” x 150”.
Battle of Benevento. Feb. 26, 1266
The Pope asks for help from the French against Manfred of Sicily.
Charles of Anjou (1226-1285), son of Louis VIII, and brother of Louis IX (1214-1290), King of
France, defeats and kills Manfred, the ruler of Sicily, at Benevento, Italy.
Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples.
Becomes King of the “Kingdom of the Two Sicilies”.
Rules Sicily 1266-1285.
Siger of Brabant (c.1235-c.1281), leader of the Averroistic movement (Averroism) in France,
teaches at the University of Paris. 1266-1276
James I, the Conqueror, of Aragon.
Enables Castile to recapture Murcia from the Moslems. 1266
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Nicolo Polo and his brother Maffeo Polo. Italian. 1266
Make expedition to Constantinople, then east to the kingdom of Barka Khan. After one year,
their return is blocked by war between Barka Khan and Hulagu Khan. The Polos journey east
to Kublai Khan at Peking.
They will return to Venice three years later.
Birth of Giotto (1266-1337). 1266
Baibars defeats the Armenians. 1266
Baibars destroy their capital and takes 40,000 prisoners.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“De Spiritualibus Creaturis”. 1266-1269
(“On Spiritual Creatures”).
Roger Bacon (1214-1294). Franciscan Order.
Writes “Opus Maius” (“Larger work”). 1266
Prepared for Pope Clement IV.
It is divided into seven treatises.
(1) On ignorance and error
(2) The relation between Theology and Philosophy
(3) The study of foreign languages
(4) On Mathematics
(5) Perspective and Optics
(6) Experimental science (observation and experimentation)
(7) Moral philosophy
Science and philosophy are to be the servants of theology.
Alexander III. King of Scotland.
Recaptures the Hebrides Islands from the Norwegians. 1266
Nicola Pisano (c.1205-1278) assisted by his son Giovanni Pisano (1240-1320), begins work on
the pulpit of the cathedral at Siena (octagonal). 1266-1267
Raymond Lully (c.1232-1315), also called Ramon Lùll. Spanish.
Conversion to Christianity. 1266 Thereafter devotes his life to the study of Arabic and opposing the ideas of Mohammedanism
and particularly the ideas of Averroës (Averroism).
Siege of Safed. 1266
Baibars (Baybars), the Sultan of Egypt, takes Safed.
Siege lasted from June 13 to July 23, 1266.
End of the Second Baron’s War (1264-1267) in England. 1267
6,000 total war dead.
Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France.
Begins preparation for another Crusade (1270). 1267
Baybars (Baibars) takes Jaffa. 1267
Kublai Khan begins construction of new capital at Peking. 1267
The Fall of Antioch. May 1268 The Mamelukes, the moslem rulers of Egypt and Syria, under Baibars (Baybars) I, capture
the Latin principality of Antioch from the Christians.
The great fortress of Antioch has been held by the Christians since 1098. The once great
fortress will never flourish again.
The Mameluke moslems kill or enslave all but the richest whom they ransom.
The moslems destroy Antioch.
Battle of Tagliacozzo. August 1268
Invasion of Italy by Conradin. Charles I of Anjou is threatened by a German army of the Holy
Roman Empire. The invaders are led by Conradin, the son of the late Conrad IV, and Frederick,
Duke of Austria.
The two forces meet at Tagliacozzo in Central Italy.
Charles I of Anjou defeats the invaders and captures both Conradin and Frederick. 1268
Conradin, the grandson of Frederick II, and Frederick, Duke of Austria, are both beheaded on
the scaffold at Naples. 1268 Conradin is the last of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty which had dominated Germany and the
Holy Roman Empire for 130 years since 1138.
Angevin conquest of Naples.
Founding of the Angevin Kingdom of Naples and Sicily. 1268
Arrival of the Augustinian Order at Oxford University, England. 1268
There is no pope. 1268-1271
Devastation of the city of Cieilia, Asia Minor by earthquake. 1268 60,000 people are killed.
Mongol conquest of the Sung Empire in China by Kublai Khan, grandson of Jenghiz Khan. 1268-1279
Death of Beatrice of Nazareth (1200-1268). Cistercian Order. 1268
Flemish stigmatica, ecstatica.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
"Commentary on Physics". 1268
"Commentary on Metaphysics". 1268-1272
Nicolo and Maffeo, the older Polos, return to Acre (April). 1269
They leave letters of inquiry to the Pope from Kublai Khan, the Mongol ruler.
They return to Venice after their nine year journey to the east.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
"De Virtutibus" (“On the Virtues in General”). 1269-1272
"Expositio in Evangelium S. Matthaei". 1269-1272
"Expositio in Evangelium Joannis". 1269-1272
"Expositio in S. Pauli Apostoli epistolas". (Undated and incomplete).
"De Perfectione Vitae Spiritualis". 1269-1270
St. Thomas Aquinas. 1269
Recalled from Rome to Paris for three years where a debate is going on between the Thomists,
the Averroists, and the Augustinians (which included most of the Franciscans).
Thomas engages in a sharp debate over whether two truths - faith and reason - can be contradictory.
He maintains that the two truths cannot contradict. His insistence that within faith, reason can
operate by its own laws brings down the wrath of the Augustinian group.
Thomas Aquinas takes the position of anti-Averroism (from Averroës).
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“De anima” ("On the Soul"). 1269-1270
“Quaestiones Disputate" (“Debated Questions”). 1269-1272
"On Evil". 1269-1272
Ottokar of Bohemia acquires Carinthia and Carniola from Hungary. 1269
Inquisition is established in the kingdom of Sicily under Charles of Anjou, brother of St. Louis IX,
King of France. 1269
Nicola Pisano (c.1205-1278).
Commissioned by Charles of Anjou to erect the abbey and convent of La Scorgola in
commemoration of the victory of Tagliacozzo (see 1268) which occurred in the neighboring
valley. 1269
Petrus Peregrinus (Peter the Pilgrim). 1269
While he is with the Angevin army at the siege of Lucera dei Pagani in Calabria, he writes a
treatise on magnetism.
"Epistola Petri Peregrini de Maricourt ad Syerum de Foucaucourt, militem, de magnete".
(“Letter on the magnet, of Peter the Pilgrim of Maricourt to Sygerus of Foucaucourt, Soldier”).
He advocates observation and the experimental method.
He discusses the operation of the magnet in the attraction of iron, the magnetization of other
objects, and the finding of the true north.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 1270
"De Unitate Intellectus Contra Averroistas."
(“On the Unicity of the Intellect Against the Averroists").
"De aeternitate mundi contro murmurantes". 1270-1272
Ordination of St. Nicholas of Tolentino (1245-1305) at Cingoli. c.1270
Uppsala Cathedral. Sweden. ca.1270
Cimabue (Cenno di Pepe). Italian. c.1270
"Crucifix". Panel painting at Arezzo. 134 3/8" X 104".
Guido da Siena. Italian.
"Annunciation ". Panel painting. c.1270
The propositions of Siger of Brabant are first formally condemned by the Roman Catholic
Church. 1270
The Eighth Crusade. 1270
Second Crusade of Louis IX, King of France.
Louis IX, King of France, journeys to Tunis, North Africa.
He succumbs to typhoid before Tunis together with a large part of his army.
Death of St. Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270) of France, near Tunis, North Africa. August 25, 1270
Louis IX ruled for forty four years.
With the death of Louis IX, King of France, the Crusaders are turned back. 1270
10,000 total war dead.
Philip III, the Bold (b.1245-d.1285), King of France. 1270-1285
Philip III is the son of Louis IX (b.1214-d.1270).
Public debate before the professors and students of Paris, between Thomas Aquinas and
John Peckham. 1270
Henry I. King of Navarre. 1270-1274
Witelo.
"Perspectiva" (“On Perspective”). 1270
Treatise on Optics. Deals with reflection, refraction, and geometrical optics.
Gregory X. Pope. 1271-1276
Second journey of Nicolò and Maffeo Polo to China (1271-1295). 1271
Marco Polo (age 17) leaves Venice with his father, Nicolò Polo and his uncle, Maffeo Polo.
They begin their journey through Asia to Cathay (China) and other parts of Asia and the far
east to visit the Mongol kingdom of Kublai Khan.
Marco Polo is in China from 1271-1292.
The Polos will return to Venice in 1295.
Fall of the fortress of the Knights Hospitaler of Krak de Chevaliers, to the Mohammedan forces. 1271
Inundation followed by famine and disease in Canterbury, England. 1271 Thousands perish.
Meliore di Jacopo (fl.1255-1285).
"Jesus Christ, the Redeemer, with the Virgin Mary, St. Peter the Apostle, St. John the Apostle,
and St. Paul of Targus”. 1271
Panel painting (dated 1271).
Pestilence and famine throughout Ireland. Thousands perish. 1271
Arrival of Prince Edward, the heir to the English throne (later Edward I) at Acre on Crusade. May 9, 1271
He will remain in the Holy Land from 1271 to 1272.
Acquisition of Toulouse by the French crown. 1271
Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX, King of France (Charles I, King of Naples and Sicily)
invades Greece and Albania. 1271
Kublai Khan, the Mongol ruler.
Founds the Yüan (Mongol) Dynasty in China. 1271
Yüan Dynasty rules 1271-1368.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274).
“De Unione Verbi Incarnati”. 1271-1272
(”On the Union of the Incarnate Word”).
Charles I, King of Naples.
Crosses the Adriatic Sea and occupies Durres. 1272
Proclaimed King of Albania.
Ramon Lùll (c.1232-1315). Spanish.
"Libro de contemplacio en Deu". 1272
("Book of the Contemplation of God"). An encyclopedia of theology.
Master of St. Francis (name unknown).
"Crucifix ". Panel painting dated 1272. 1272
Ladislaus. King of Hungary. 1272-1290
Construction begins on the Cathedral of Beauvais. 1272
Death of Henry III, King of England. 1272
He is succeeded by his eldest son, Edward.
Beginning of the reign of Edward I, “Longshanks”, King of England.
Edward I will be crowned in 1274. Rules from 1272 until his death in 1307.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 1272
Leaves Paris and goes to Naples in order to establish a Dominican house at the new university.
Death of Berthold of Ratisbon (c.1210-1272), famous preacher of the Franciscan Order. Dec. 14, 1272
St. Thomas Aquinas.
"In psalmos Davidis expositio". 1272
Rudolph I, Count of Hapsburg, is elected king of the Germans. Oct. 1273
Founds the Hapsburg Dynasty of Germany.
Rudolph is the first of the Habsburg line of emperors.
He is never crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope, however.
Rules as German king and uncrowned Holy Roman Emperor 1273-1291.
End of the "Great Interregnum" (since 1254) in the Holy Roman Empire.
There was no recognized king of Germany during this period. 1273
Erik II Magnusson. King of Norway. 1273-1299
St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 1273
Completes the “Summa Theologiae”. Begun in 1265.
(“Credo ut intelligam”).
Raymond Lully also known as Ramon Lùll (c.1232-1315). Spanish.
“Libro del Gentil”. 1273
A Christian, a Mohammedan, and a Jew expound on the chief doctrines of their respective religions.
Second Council of Lyons (Fourteenth General Church Council). Called by Pope Gregory X. 1274
Envoys of the Byzantine Empire swear assent to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church
and to papal supremacy in the name of Byzantine Emperor Michael XIII.
This will prove to be only temporary.
Death of St. Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). March 7, 1274
He is on his way to the Fourteenth General Church Council at Lyons.
Death of St. Bonaventure (b.1221-d.1274) at Lyons, while the Council of Lyons is still
in session. July 15, 1274
First Mongol invasion of Japan at the order of Kublai Khan. 1274
The Japanese withstand the first Mongol naval attempts.
The Mongols fail and withdraw.
Peter di Morone (1210-1296).
Receives approval for his order of monks, the Celestines. 1274
Edward I, King of England, is crowned at Westminster. 1274
Coppo di Marcovaldo and his son Salerno.
“Crucifix” with six scenes. Panel painting. 1274-1275
Niccola Pisano (b.1205-1278). Italian sculptor and architect. 1274
Begins the fountain in Perugia. Finished by his son Giovanni Pisano.
The 24 statues of this fountain are ascribed to Niccola.
The three Polos arrive at Peking, China, at the court of Kublai Khan, the ruler of the Mongols. 1275
St. Sebaldus Church. Nuremberg, Germany. Completed. 1275
Was begun in 1225.
Marco Polo (1254-1324).
Enters into the service of Kublai Khan for the next seventeen years.
During this period Marco Polo travels throughout Asia in the service of Kublai Khan, the
Mongol ruler. 1275-1292
Building of the walls of Carcassonne. c.1275
St. Peter Master. Italian.
Saint Peter Altarpiece. Panel painting. 1275-1285
Includes three scenes from the life of Jesus Christ and three scenes from the life of St. Peter
the Apostle.
Death of St. Raymond of Peñafort (1175-1275). January 6, 1275
Rudolph I of Germany.
Recognizes papal sovereignty in Southern Italy. 1275
Magnus I. King of Sweden. 1275-1290
Earliest extant maritime compass. 1275
Ramon Lùll (c.1232-1315). Spanish.
“Ars Magna”. 1275
This is his first presentation of his all embracing system of logic.
William of Saliceto. (1210-1277).
“Chirurgia”. 1275
German-Bohemian Wars. 1276
Result of the refusal of Ottokar of Bohemia to acknowledge Rudolph I as emperor of Germany.
Rudolph I of Germany outlaws Ottokar of Bohemia. June 1276
Ottokar of Bohemia submits to Rudolph I of Germany and keeps only Bohemia and Moravia. Nov. 1276
Conquest of Austria by the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I. 1276-1278
Rudolph I is the founder of the Hapsburg Dynasty that will rule Austria until 1918.
Rudolph I of Hapsburg, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, attempts to assert feudal rights
in Switzerland. 1276
Edward I, King of England.
Invades Wales and defeats the Welsh Prince Llwelyn ap Gruffydd. 1276
Conquest of Wales by Edward I, King of England. 1276-1284
Capture of Hangchow (Lin’an), the capital of the Sung Dynasty in China, by the Mongols. 1276
France is at war with the Kingdom of Castile. 1276
Death of Pope Gregory X. 1276
Abandonment of the Ninth Crusade.
John XXI. Pope. 1276-1277
174 Cathar heretics all refuse recantation. 1276 They are burned at Sirmione, Italy.
Roger Bacon (c.1214-1292). Franciscan Order.
Accused of heresy. 1276
Pedro III, the Great. King of Aragon. 1276-1285
Baybars (Baibars) dies. 1277
He is succeeded by Qalawun.
Roger Bacon (c.1214-1292). Franciscan Order.
He is imprisoned for heresy. 1277-1292
Condemnation of the Latin Averroists (Averroism). 1277
Condemnation of 219 propositions of Siger of Brabant (c.1240-1284) by Etienne Tempier,
Bishop of Paris. 1277
Siger of Brabant propounded the doctrine of the two truths, arguing that reason and revelation,
though both true, are often mutually contradictory.
Siger of Brabant was an Averroist (Averroism).
For example: Proposition 152: “Theology rests upon fables.”
Proposition 175: “Christian Revelation is an obstacle to learning.”
Siger of Brabant denied the immortality of the soul.
Siger denied the Creation in the book of Genesis in the Old Testament. Claimed the eternity of the world. That is to say, that the world always existed.
Denied Free Will and the moral responsibility of the individual.
The teachings of Siger of Brabant are condemned.
Condemnation of propositions of Boethius of Dacia (Danish or Swedish). Boethius of Dacia
was an Averroist (Averroism). 1277
Flood. Friesland, Holland. 1277
A great flood forms the Dollert Sea.
Founding of the fortified cathedral of Albi as a citadel celebrating the triumph of Christianity
over Albigensianism (the Albigensian Heresy). 1277
Arnolfo di Cambio (c.1245-1301). Italian architect and sculptor.
“Charles I of Anjou”. Sculpture. 1277
Rhuddlan Castle. Wales. 1277-1282
The first of Edward I's castles built during his conquest of North Wales.
Ottokar (Ottocar) II of Bohemia takes up arms against Rudolph I. 1278
Battle of the Marchfeld. Aug. 26, 1278
Rudolph I, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats and kills Ottokar II of Bohemia at Dürnkrut, Marchfeld.
Ottokar is succeeded by his son as Wenceslas II.
Wenceslas II is under German regency, until 1290.
Wenceslas II of Bohemia. 1278-1305
St. Maria Novella, Florence, Italy. 1278-1350
Gothic style church built by the Dominican Order.
Genoese vessels begin to use the sea routes from the Mediterranean Sea via Gibraltar and
the Atlantic Ocean to Bruges, between Calais and Antwerp. 1278
Death of Saint Zita (1218-1278). April 27, 1278
Invention of the glass mirror. c.1278
John Peckham. Archbishop of Canterbury. 1279-1292
Kublai Khan.
Conquers Southern China and ends the Sung (Song) Dynasty (960-1279).
After massacring several millions of Chinese, Kublai Khan completes the Mongol conquest
of China. 1279
Kublai Khan becomes emperor of China.
The Yüan (Mongol) dynasty will rule China 1279-1368.
Statute of Mortmain. 1279
In England, royal permission is required for gifts of land to the church.
Diniz (b.1261-d.1325), son of Alfonso III. King of Portugal. 1279-1325
Rudolph I (Habsburg) of Germany.
Surrenders his claims to Sicily and the Papal States. 1279
Death of Albertus Magnus (German). Albert the Great (1206-1280). 1280
Albert was one of the first and among the greatest of natural scientists.
His knowledge of religion, philosophy, psychology, languages, history, biology, chemistry,
physics, astronomy, optics, geography, mathematics, medicine, zoology, botany, education,
anatomy, and physiology was so vast that he was frequently accused by his enemies of
practicing magic.
During his life, Albert the Great wrote profusely on the Old Testament and New Testament,
Theology, Metaphysics, Logic, Christian philosophy, Christian psychology, and mathematics.
Cimabue (Cenno di Pepe). Italian.
Maesta: “Enthroned Madonna and Child in Majesty with Angels and Prophets”. ca.1280-1285
Panel painting. 427cm x 280cm.
St. Maria Sopra Minerva. Rome. 1280
Church of the Dominican Order built in the Gothic style of architecture.
Heiligenkreuz Abbey. Austria. ca.1280 Cistercian church in the Gothic style.
Foundation of University College, Oxford by a legacy from William of Durham, who had been
a master of Paris. c.1280
Eric II. King of Norway. 1280-1299
The Asen Dynasty in Bulgaria (founded in 1186) is terminated. 1280
Bulgaria becomes subject to Serbs, Greeks, and Mongols.
Walter de Odington.
“De Speculatione Musices”. c.1280
Musical treatise.
Pope Martin IV. 1281-1285
Martin IV will excommunicate Michael Paleologus.
The brief union effected with the Byzantine Church in 1274 is ended.
Second Mongol invasion of Japan. 1281
A Mongol fleet of 160,000 Mongols is destroyed with the help of typhoon (kamikaze = “winds
of the gods”).
Prevents the Mongol invasion of Japan.
Mar Yabalaha, pilgrim from Peking to Jerusalem, is elected patriarch. 1281
Famine throughout Poland. 1281
Thousands perish.
Llewellyn ap Gruffydd revolts against the English in Wales. 1282
Battle of Radnor. 1282
Llewellyn ap Gruffydd, Welsh prince, is killed fighting Edward I, King of England, during the
revolt of Wales.
6,000 total war dead during the English conquest of Wales.
The head of the Welsh leader, Llewelyn II, is impaled on a lance and placed on the Tower of London.
Edward I will also execute David, brother of Llewellyn, the following year.
The English conquest of Wales is complete.
The Sicilian Vespers. March 30, 1282
Revolt in Sicily against French (Angevin) rule.
Begins with the massacre of the French population in Sicily.
All Frenchman are driven out of Sicily.
Sicily passes to Peter III of Aragon.
Pedro III of Aragon invades Sicily. 1282
Sicily comes under the rule of the Spanish House of Aragon.
St. Cécile Cathedral, Albi, France. 1282-1390
Gothic style cathedral with fortress type appearance.
The House of Hapsburg gains possession of Austria. 1282
Austria is made a heredity possession.
Andronicus II. Ruler of the Byzantine Empire. 1282-1328
Andronicus II, Byzantine Emperor, rejects the brief union of the Eastern Church with the
Western Church. 1282
Completion of the conquest of pagan Prussia that was begun in 1226 by the Knights of the
Teutonic Order. 1283
Robert Bruce and John Balliol contend for the crown of Scotland. 1283
Mongol army briefly invades Champa, now a part of Vietnam. 1283
Mongols are forced to withdraw due to epidemics.
Giovanni Pisano (1240-1320). Italian sculptor.
Sculptures on the façade of Siena Cathedral. 1284-1298
Statute of Wales. 1284
Wales is annexed to England after the conquest of Wales by Edward I, King of England, in 1282.
Wales will be formally joined to England in 1536.
Pisa is nearly destroyed by the Genoese. 1284
Sancho III. King of Castile. 1284-1295
Bernard Guidonis (Bernard Gui). French.
Teaches Logic at Brives. 1284
Philip III (b.1245-d.1285), King of France, dies during the retreat from an unsuccessful attack
on the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon. 1285
He is succeeded by his son Philip IV, the Fair (b.1268-d.1314).
Philip IV rules France 1285-1314.
The Mamelukes retake Marqab. 1285
Henry II. Last King of Jerusalem. 1285-1291
Death of St. Philip Benizi (1233-1285). August 22, 1285
Alfonso III, King of Aragon. 1285-1291
Honorius IV. Pope. 1285-1287
Duccio di Buoninsegna (d. 1319). Italian.
“Rucellai Madonna”. Panel painting. 1285
Ramon Lùll (1232-1315). Spanish.
“Liber Tartari et Christiani”. 1285
A Tartar questions a Christian, a Mohammedan, and a Jew on what they believe.
Margaret, the “Maid of Norway” (b.1283-d.1290) becomes child Queen of Scotland (1286-1290). 1286
Margaret is in succession to Alexander III, her grandfather.
Arghun (Argun), the Khan of Persia, dispatches an embassy to Pope Honorius IV. 1286
From here the embassy goes to see Edward I, King of England, and Philip IV, King of France.
Arghun will send a total of four embassies to the west.
The 2nd, 1287-1288, the 3rd, 1289 and the 4th in 1291.
Flood. Holland. 1286
The entire country on both sides of the Zuyder-Zee is submerged under water.
Number of thousands dead is unknown.
Kublai Khan with 260,000 cavalry and 100,000 infantry meets Nayan, his uncle, with 400,000
horsemen in battle.
Kublai Khan defeats Nayan. Nayan is captured and executed. 1286
John of Monte Corvino (1246-1328). Franciscan Order.
Sent with a band of missionaries to the east. 1287
He returns with letters from the Khan of Persia in 1289.
He is at once sent back by the Pope.
Duccio di Buoninsegna.
Oculus window. Stained glass. Siena Cathedral. 1287-1288
The Mamelukes under Qalawun take Lattakieh. 1287
Flood. Salandria.
Fifteen islands are submerged by the sea. 16,000 perish. 1287
Rudolf I.
Proclaims Public Peace at the Diet of Würzburg. 1287
Kublai Khan and the Mongols invade Burma. 1287
The Mongols destroy the Burmese capital, Pagan.
Osman I (Othman, Ottoman), b.1259-d.1326, son of Ertogrul. 1288
Will declare himself emir (1299), leader of Ottoman Turks.
Osman I rules 1288-1326.
Osman I is the founder of the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
Reign of Osman (Othman I), b.1259-d.1326. 1288-1326
Founding of the Ottoman Turkish Empire by Osman I.
Osman I founds the Ottoman Turkish Empire in northwest Anatolia by absorbing neighboring
states as the strength of the Seljuk Turks is declining.
Othman I lays foundation of Ottoman Turkish control in Asia Minor.
Beginning of the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
The Ottoman Turkish Empire will last from 1288 until 1922.
Nicholas IV. Pope. 1288-1292
Duccio. Italian.
Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy. 1288-1309
Crusader-Turkish Wars. 1289-1291
Fall of Tripoli to the Moslems led by Qalawun. April 26, 1289
Tripoli, in Lebanon, which had been in Frankish hands since 1109 falls on April 26, 1289.
All male Christians are killed. Females and children are sold into slavery.
The moslems destroy Tripoli.
Siena Cathedral. Italy. 1289-1377
Founding of the University of Montpellier. 1289
Giovanni Pisano (1240-1320). Italian sculptor and architect.
Monument of Pope Urban IV at Perugia, Italy. c. 1289
Edward I, King of England (son of Henry III).
Expels all Jews from English domains. 1290
The Jews will return however c. 1648.
Death of Margaret, the Maid of Norway (b.1283-1290). 1290
Edward I, King of England, is asked to arbitrate among thirteen claimants to the throne of
Scotland. 1290
Edward I supports the claims of John de Baliol. His choice is rejected.
Outbreak of civil war caused by the struggle for succession in Scotland following the death
of Margaret, the Maid of Norway.
Andrew III. King of Hungary. 1290-1301
Conquest of Semigallia by the Knoghts of the Teutonic Order of Livonia. 1290
Orvieto Cathedral. Italy. 1290-1600
Giovanni Pisano (1240-1320). Italian sculptor and architect.
Shrine of San Donato at Arezzo. c.1290
Founding of the University of Lisbon in Portugal. 1290
Founded by Diniz, King of Portugal.
Diniz ruled 1279-1325.
Murder of Kaikobad, Sultan of Delhi.
He is succeeded by Jalaluddin. 1290
Earthquake.
Chihli, China. Over 100,000 dead. Sept. 27, 1290
“Livonian Rhymed Chronicle”. c.1290
(“Livländische Reimchronik”).
A history of the Livonian crusades. The author is unknown.
Death of Rudolf I of Hapsburg. 1291
Four Forest Canons form a league against the Hapsburgs and begin the struggle for the
independence of Switzerland. 1291
Switzerland will not become an independent state, however, until the Peace of Westphalia
in 1648.
John of Montecorvino. Franciscan Order.
Sets out from Tauris, a city in Persia, for Khanbalik. 1291
He first proceeds to India (1291).
After traversing parts of India, he will arrive at Khanbalik in 1293.
He will establish a Christian mission in the capital fo the Mongol Empire.
The Fall of Acre (now Akko, Israel). May 18, 1291
Acre is the last Christian stronghold, in the Holy Land.
160,000 Egyptian Mamelukes (Mohammedan) under Malik-al-Ashraf defeat the defenders of Acre.
End of Christian presence in the Near East.
Last Christian Crusaders are driven from the Middle East by the Mohammedans.
The Knights of the Teutonic Order move their headquarters from Acre in the Holy Land,
to Venice. 1291-1309
Israel comes under the rule of the Mamelukes. 1291-1517
The Mamelukes will rule Israel until the year 1517.
End of the Crusades. 1291
The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem and the Templar Order move their headquarters from
Acre to the island of Cyprus.
End of the Era of the Crusaders (1095-1291).
Crusader-Turkish Wars (1289-1291) end. 1291 Over 25,000 total war dead.
James II. King of Aragon. 1291-1327
Doria and Vivaldo. Genoese.
Set out to find a route to India by sea.
They never return and nothing is known of their explorations. 1291
Pietro Cavallini. Italian.
“The Last Judgement”. Fresco painting. c.1291-1295
Gaikhatu (Gaykhatu) Khan. 1291-1295
The fifth ruler of the Il khanate.
He will be killed in 1295.
Lack of rain causes terrible famine in Delhi, India. 1291
Thousands perish.
Adolf of Nassau (b.1255-d.1298) is elected king of the Germans in order to prevent the crown
from becoming heredity Hapsburg title. 1292
Adolf of Nassau, Holy Roman Emperor 1292-1298.
Marco Polo (1254-1324).
Marco Polo begins the long return journey to Europe via Persia with his father Nicolò Polo
and uncle Maffeo Polo. 1292
They are laden with rubies, diamonds, and emeralds.
They will arrive in Venice 1295.
Edward I, King of England.
Supports the claims of John de Baliol in Scotland (since 1290). 1292
John de Baliol is made King of Scotland.
John de Baliol. King of Scotland. 1292-1296
Death of Pope Nicholas IV (Pope: 1288-1292). 1292
The Cardinals cannot settle on a new pope for two years.
The Mongols send a naval expedition to Java. 1292
They are repulsed in 1293.
Death of Benvenuta Bojani (1254-1292). 1292
Stigmatica, ecstatica.
St. Stephen’s Chapel. Westminster, London. 1292
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). Italian.
“La Vita Nuova”. Poetry. 1292-1294
Raymond Lully (c. 1232-1315). Spanish.
Crosses to Tunis in order to assist in the conversion of the Moslem.
Complete destruction of the city of Carlisle, England by a terrible fire. 1292
Death of Roger Bacon (c.1214-1292). 1292
Arrival of John of Montecorvino (1246-1328), first Christian missionary in China (1293-1328). 1293
He left Persia in 1291.
Al-Malik an-Nasir. Sultan of Egypt. 1293-1341
Anglo-Gascon fleet defeats the French. 1293
Philippe IV, King of France, seizes Gascony.
Devastation of the city of Kamakura, Japan by earthquake. 1293
30,000 are killed.
Celestine V (eighty four years old), a Benedictine hermit living on
Monte Morone in the Abruzzi, is forced to be the next Pope. July 1294
Celestine V (1210-1296).
Celestine resigns after five months. Dec. 1294
His successor confines him to prison, where he dies in 1296.
Rebellion of Wales. 1294
Papacy of Pope Boniface VIII. 1294-1303
War between Philip IV, King of France, and Edward I of England. 1294-1303
Diniz, King of Portugal, signs a treaty with Edward I, King of England. 1294
This is a first of a series of English-Portuguese pacts.
Siamese state acknowledges Mongol supremacy. 1294
Death of Kublai Khan, ruler of the Mongols. 1294
Santa Croce, Florence. Begun. 1294
Franciscan church begun by the architect Arnolfo di Cambio.
Will be completed 1442.
Conversion from Mongol paganism to Christianity of the Mongol prince Öngut Körguz as a
result of his conversations with Giovanni de Montecorvino (1246-1328). 1294
Terrible harvest in England causes thousands to perish. 1295
Great “dearth” in Ireland. Thousands perish. 1295
“Model Parliament” of Edward I, King of England. 1295
First representative English Parliament.
Grants money for French and Scottish wars.
Beginnings of the House of Commons.
Marco Polo (1254-1324).
Arrives in Venice with his father Nicolò Polo and his uncle Maffeo. 1295
They had been away from Italy for 24 years.
John de Baliol of Scotland forms an alliance with France in an attempt to end English
control in Scotland. July 1295
Franco-Scottish alliance. 1295-1296
French fleet attacks Dover. 1295
Ferdinand IV (1285-1312). King of Castile. 1295-1312
Raymond Lùll (c. 1232-1315). Spanish.
“Arbre de Sciencia”. 1295
(“The Tree of Science”). Issued at Rome.
An encyclopedic work covering sixteen sciences.
Temur Oljaitu (Ch’eng Tsung), grandson of Kublai Khan, is the second emperor of the
Yüan Dynasty (Emperor of China). 1295-1307
Mahmud Ghazan (b.1271-d.1304).
7th ruler of the Mongol Empire’s Il Khanate. 1295-1304
Mahmud Ghazan is the first Mongol ruler to convert to Mohammedanism.
He will first make Islam the religion of Persia.
Boniface VIII (Pope: 1294-1303).
“Clericis Laicos”. Papal bull. 1296
Written in response to the taxes imposed by the kings of France and England on the Church
in their lands. The money collected from the taxes is used by the kings to pay for their
foreign wars.
The bull prohibits the payment of the taxes by the Catholic Church to the secular power.
Conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV, King of France, over papal powers in
France (will continue until 1303). 1296
Edward I, King of England, opposes Boniface VIII’s “Clericis Laicos”. 1296
The Almohads vanish from history. 1296
They are replaced by another dynasty, the Marinids.
Giotto (1266-1337).
Called to Assisi by Giovanni de Mura the general of the Franciscan Order.
He is to paint 28 scenes from the life of St. Francis of Assisi. 1296
Giotto (1266-1337).
Paintings for the Upper Church of St. Francis Assisi in Pisa. c.1296-1300
Includes “St. Francis of Assisi receiving the Stigmata”.
Predella: “The Vision of Pope Innocent III”.
“The Approval of the Franciscan Order”.
“St. Francis Preaching to the Birds”.
“The Miracle of the Spring”.
Panel Paintings.
Arnolfo di Cambio (1245-1301). Italian architect.
Florence Cathedral is begun under the architect Arnolfo di Cambio. 1296
John de Baliol of Scotland renounces his fealty to England. 1296
Battle of Dunbar. April 27, 1296
Edward I, King of England, marches his English army to Scotland.
Because of the Franco-Scottish alliance (1295-1296), Edward I, King of England, invades
Scotland and crushes John de Balliol, King of Scotland, at the Battle of Dunbar.
Edward I, King of England, annexes Scotland and claims the throne of Scotland.
Edward I takes the Stone of Scone (Scottish coronation stone) to Westminster.
The Scots however will continue to rebel against English rule.
John de Balliol abdicates the crown of Scotland. Goes into exile. July 1296
Continued war between England and Scotland. 1296-1314
Frederick II, brother of James II of Aragon. King of Sicily. 1296-1337
Murder of Jalaluddin, Sultan of Delhi. July 1296
He is succeeded by Ala-ud-Din Khilji.
Edward I, King of England. Invades northern France. 1297
Edward I of England.
Outlaws the clergy in England for refusing tax payments. 1297
William Wallace (c.1272-1305), Scottish knight.
Leads the rebellion of Scotland against English rule. May 1297
Beginning of the disagreement between Pope Boniface VIII and the Colonna family. 1297
Boniface VIII crushes the forces of Jacopo and Pietro Colonna, razes the city of Palestrina
to ruin, and sends the Colonna faction into exile. 1297
Battle of Stirling Bridge. Sept. 11, 1297
50,000 English under John de Warrenne, the Earl of Surrey, are defeated by Scottish
troops led by William Wallace at Stirling Bridge.
Mongols receive homage from Burma. 1297
Delhi. 1297
(First Mongol Invasion of India).
Kuttugh Khan with 200,000 Mongols defeats 300,000 Delhi Moslems with 2,700 elephants,
under Ala-ud-Din Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi.
Death of St. Margaret of Cortona (1247-1297). February 22, 1297
Pestilence and famine in Scotland. 1297
Thousands perish.
Moas, giant birds of New Zealand become extinct. 1297
Giovanni Pisano (1240-1320). Italian sculptor and architect. 1297-1301
Marble Pulpit. Sant’Andrea, Pistoia, Italy.
Depicts the “Massacre of the Innocents” and the “Crucifixion”.
Marco Polo (1254-1324).
Begins to write about his travels and experiences throughout Asia in his “Book of
Various Experiences”. 1298
Boniface VIII.
“Liber Sextus” of the Decretals is issued. 1298
Palazzo Vecchio. Florence. Begun. 1298
Will be completed in 1344.
Battle of Falkirk. July 22, 1298
Edward I, King of England, defeats the Scottish army led by William Wallace (c.1272-1305)
at the Battle of Falkirk, Scotland.
Edward I of England reconquers Scotland.
William Wallace and a few survivors take refuge in the nearby woods.
Bristol Cathedral. England. 1298-1330
Barcelona Cathedral. Spain. Begun. 1298
Completed 1450.
Food scarcity, famine, and disease in England. 1298
Thousands perish.
Giotto (1266-1337). Italian.
Navicella mosaic. c.1298
Holy Roman Emperor Adolphus of Nassau is dethroned by electors. June 1298
Adolphus of Nassau is defeated, and killed at the battle of Göllheim. July 1298
He is succeeded by Albert I of Austria as Holy Roman Emperor.
Albert I rules 1298-1308.
Death of Mechtildis (Mechtilde) of Helfta. Ecstatica. November 19, 1298
Marienkirche at Stralsund, East Germany. 1298
Jacopone da Todi. 1298-1303
In prison for writing an attack directed against Pope Boniface VIII.
He is released the year of the death of Boniface (1303).
Haakon V, Magnusson. King of Norway. 1299-1319
Giotto is summoned to Rome by Pope Boniface VIII in order to work in the Lateran Basilica. 1299
Persia is ravaged by famine, pestilence, and disease. 1299
Thousands perish.
Osman I (1259-1326).
Leader of the Ottoman Turks since 1288, declares himself emir. 1299
Continues his rule until his death in 1326.
Invasion of the Sultanate of Delhi, India by the Mongols. 1299
Pope Boniface VIII.
Is able to secure a truce during the war between Edward I, King of England, and Philippe IV,
King of France. 1299
Treaty between France and Germany. 1299
Treaty between Venice and the Turks, and France and Germany. 1299
Alliance of Albert I and Philip IV, King of France. Dec. 1299
Battle of Curzola. Sept. 1299
(Part of the Venetian-Genovese Wars).
Genoese defeat the Venetians in a sea battle at Curzola off the Dalmatian coast.
Palazzo Vecchio. Florence. Built. 1299-1301
14th Century
Gerard Sagarelli is burned in Parma, Italy as a heretic by the Dominican Inquisition. 1300
His successor as leader of the Pseudo-Apostles is Dulcinus Novariensis.
Duccio di Buoninsegna.
Triptych: “The Virgin Mary and Child with Saints.” ca.1300
Pope Boniface VIII.
Proclaims the first Jubilee Year. 1300
John Duns Scotus (c.1265-1308).
Teaching at Oxford University, England. 1300-1302
Perna Church. Finland. 1300-1400
Earliest known European reference to the manufacture of gunpowder. 1380
Vincennes Castle. France. 1300-1400
Philippe IV, King of France, occupies Flanders. Jan. 1300
Wenceslas II of Bohemia is elected King of Poland. 1300
Rules 1300-1305.
Meister Eckhart is teaching in Paris. 1300-1303
Also 1312-1314.
Building of “St. Mary the Virgin”. Oxford, England. 1300-1498
St. Mary’s Church. Sigtuna, Sweden. 1300-1400
Zemen Monastery. Bulgaria. c.1300-1390
Typifies the Christian art of the Second Bulgarian Empire which lasted until the Ottoman
Turkish conquest of 1396.
Death of Ida of Louvain (d.1300). Cisterian Order. 1300
Stigmatica, ecstatica.
Pope Boniface VIII. Bull “Ausculta fili.” 1301
Conflict between Boniface VIII and Philip IV, King of France, begins.
Philip IV, King of France. Annexation of Flanders. 1301
Edward I, King of England.
Names his son (later Edward II), Prince of Wales.
He is the first English heir to be so designated. 1301
Death of Andrew III, King of Hungary. 1301
Last of the Árpád Dynasty (896-1301).
Wenceslaus of Bohemia (b.1289-d.1306). King of Hungary. 1301-1305
Battle of Bapheus (aka Baphion). July 27, 1302
Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, defeats the Byzantines at the Battle
of Baphaion.
Philip IV, King of France.
Calls, for the first time, the Estates General (council of nobles) in France (1302-1303), in
connection with his dispute with Pope Boniface VIII. 1302
Anglo-Scottish truce during the English-Scottish Wars (1296-1305). 1302
Vesuvius.
Ischia, dormant for over 1400 years, is activated by eruption. 1302
Revolt of Flanders against France. May 1302
Called the Matins of Bruges.
Beginning of the French-Flemish Wars. 1302-1385
War between Philip IV, King of France, and Flanders. 1302-1304
Battle of Courtrai (also called the “Battle of the Spurs”). July 11, 1302
The Flemish with pike and spear defeat the army of Philip IV the Fair, King
of France, at the Battle of Courtrai, and save Flanders from the French occupation of 1301.
Boniface VIII.
Papal Bull “Unam Sanctum.” Nov. 1302
On the unity of the Church and the supreme authority of spiritual power over temporal
power and “every human creature.”
Exile of Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) from Florence. 1302
Giovanni Pisano. Italian sculptor and architect.
Marble Pulpit. Pisa Cathedral. 1302-1311
Invention of the mariners compass at Naples. 1302
Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin Khilji, conquers southern India. 1302-1311
Death of St. Gertrude the Great (1256-1302) at Helfta. Nov. 17, 1302
Pope Boniface VIII.
Founds the University of Avignon in France. 1303
Continuation of the conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV, King of France. 1303
Boniface III prepares a bull of excommunication against Philip IV, King of France. Aug. 1303
Requests that the French hierarchy should come to Rome.
The French hierarchy refuses to go to Rome. 1303
French council of state declares Philip IV the protector of the Catholic Church and Boniface
VIII a heretic.
Guillaume de Nogaret, Sciarra Colonna, and others draw up a bill charging Boniface VIII
with idolatry, heresy, murder, magic, and perversion. 1303 None of these charges are true however.
Pope Boniface VIII further censures France. 1303
Expedition of Guillaume de Nogaret to Rome and Anagni. 1303
He is sent by Philip IV, King of France.
Guillaume de Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna invade Italy.
Outrage of Anagni. Sept. 7, 1303
By Guillaume de Nogaret, an agent of Philip IV, King of France.
To prevent his excommunication, Philip IV, King of France, sends his counselor Guillaume
de Nogaret, who with the help of Sciarra Colonna, break into the papal castle at Anagni,
seize Pope Boniface VIII, and make him prisoner.
Nogaret and Colonna plunder the papal palace at Anagni.
After three days, Pope Boniface VIII is rescued by the citizens of Anagni.
Boniface VIII will die in the Vatican one month later (Oct. 11).
Byzantine Emperor Andronicus hires the services of the Catalan Grand Company to fight
against the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 1303
Peter of Abano (c.1250-c.1316).
Writes “Conciliator controversiarum quae inter philosophos et medicos versantur.” 1303
Attempts a reconciliation of Greek philosophy and Arabic medicine.
Abano was also a practitioner of astrology.
Founding of the University of Avignon (France). 1303
Duns Scotus (c.1265-1308). Franciscan Order.
Teaching in Paris (d.1308). 1303-1308
St. Stephen’s Cathedral. Vienna, Austria. 1304-1518
Inundation of the moslem city of Damascus. 1304
Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. Aug. 18, 1304
(Part of the French-Flemish Wars).
The French under Philip IV of England defeat the Flemish at Mons-en-Pévèle.
The Flemish leave 6,000 dead on the battlefield.
Founding of the College of Navarre by Joanna of Navarre, the wife of Philip IV, King of France. 1304
The Mongol army is crushed by the Sultanate of Delhi India. 1304
Theodoric of Freibourg.
“De Iride.” (“On the Rainbow”). 1304
Death of Ranieri Rasini of Borgo San Sepolcro (in Arezzo). Franciscan. November 1, 1304
Dies at Borgo San Sepolcro.
Pope Clement V. French. 1305-1314
Clement V, in 1309, will be the first of the Avignon Popes.
Edward I, King of England, captures William Wallace (c.1272-1305) the leader of the
Scottish rebellion against English rule. 1305 Edward I orders execution of William Wallace.
Subjugation of Scotland to England.
William Wallace is succeeded by Robert the Bruce (will be crowned 1306), a leader of the Scottish rebellion.
End of the English-Scottish Wars (1296-1314). 13,000 total war dead.
Wenceslaus III (c.1289-1306), son and successor of Wenceslaus II.
King of Bohemia. 1305-1306
Founding of the University of Orléans (France). 1305
Giotto di Bondone (1266-1377).
Santa Maria dell’Arena Chapel fresco cycle of 38 paintings. Padua. Completed. 1305
The following paintings are included.
“Christ Entering Jerusalem.”
“The Lamentation”. (Pietà).
“The Raising of Lazarus from the Dead”.
“The Baptism of Jesus Christ”.
“Joachim Takes Refuge in the Wilderness”.
“The Vision of St. Joachim”.
“The Vision of Anna”.
“Meeting of Joachim and Anna at the Golden Gate”.
“The Annunciation”. Sanctuary arch.
“The Nativity”.
“The Flight into Egypt”.
“The Betrayal of Christ”.
“The Crucifixion of Jesus.”
“The Resurrection of the Blessed”.
“Pentecost”.
“Justice”.
“Injustice”.
“Inconstancy”.
“Fortitude”.
“The Last Judgement.” Entrance wall, Arena Chapel.
Death of St. Nicholas of Tolentino (1245-1305). Italian. Sept. 10, 1305
Expulsion of all Jews from France by Philippe IV, the Fair, (b.1268-d.1314), Capetian King
of France (1285-1314). 1306
Vladislav the Dwarf. Duke of Poland. 1306-1320
Will be made king in 1320 until 1333.
Robert the Bruce (1274-1329).
Leads a new revolt against English rule in Scotland. March 1306
He is proclaimed Robert I, the Bruce, King of Scotland, at Scone (March 1306) in defiance
of Edward I, King of England.
Robert Bruce rules Scotland 1306-1329.
Battle of Methven. June 19, 1306
Robert Bruce is decisively defeated by the English.
Robert is driven into hiding on Rathlin Island, off the coast of Ireland.
Hospitallers begin invasion of the Byzantine island of Rhodes. 1306
Assassination of Wenceslaus III, King of Bohemia. 1306
Bernard Guidonis (1261-1361). Dominican Order.
Appointed new Inquisitor at Toulouse. 1306
He holds this position for seventeen years.
Palazzo della Ragione. Padua, Italy. 1306
Pietro d’Abano (c.1250-c.1316).
Becomes professor of medicine at Padua University. 1306
Robert Bruce returns to Scotland. 1307
Edward I, King of England.
Dies on the march north to defeat Robert Bruce of Scotland. July 1307
Edward I is succeeded by Edward II, King of England.
Edward II rules 1307-1327.
Dante begins his “Divina Commedia” (“Divine Comedy”). 1307
Will be completed in 1321.
Pope Clement V.
Receives letter sent to him by John of Montecorvino. 1307
Establishes the archdiocese of Khanbalik (Peking) in the Mongol ruled kingdom of China.
Giovanni de Montecorvino (1246-1328), Catholic priest.
Made the first Archbishop of Peking (until his death in 1329). 1307
Philippe IV, King of France.
Begins to illegally seize the properties of the crusading order, the Knights Templars. 1307
Philippe IV, King of France.
Begins to plan for the destruction of the Order of Knights Templars in France. 1307
He will finally succeed in 1314.
Completion of Lincoln Cathedral tower. 1307
Rütli Oath of the three Swiss cantons. 1307
The Roman Catholic Church condemns alchemy as a diabolical art. 1307
Battle of the Cephisus (also called the Battle of Orchomenos). 1307
Fought between the Catalan “Great Band” of 9,500 men, and 15,000 troops of Walter de
Brienne, Duke of Athens.
The Franks in Greece are defeated on the banks of the river Cephisus by the foot soldiers
of the Catalan company.
John Duns Scotus (c.1265-1308). Sent from Paris to Cologne. 1307
Dolcino of Novara (follower of Gerard Segarelli; see 1300) is executed. 1307
He is the leader of the so-called Pseudo-Apostles.
Charles Robert of Anjou reigns as Charles I, King of Hungary. 1308-1342
Founds the Angevin line of kings in Hungary.
Murder of Albert I, Holy Roman Emperor. 1308
Henry VII of Luxemburg is elected Holy Roman Emperor. 1308
Rules 1308-1313.
Death of St. Clare of Montefalco (1268-1308). August 18, 1308
Death of John Duns Scotus (c.1265-1308). 1308
He is forty two years old.
Founding of the University of Perugia in Italy. 1308
The Byzantines defeat an attack against Bursa by the Turkish Mohammedans. 1308
Knights of the Teutonic Order occupy Danzig. 1308
Death of Mesud (Masoud) II, the last sultan of Iconium (the Seljuk Sultan of Rūm). 1308
Sultan from 1284-1298 and then again from 1303-1308.
End of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rūm (since 1092).
Duccio di Buoninsegna (c.1255-1318). Italian. 1308-1311
The Maesta Altarpiece.
Vast altarpiece with cycle of painted panels at Siena Cathedral.
Front includes:
Center: Maesta (“Virgin Mary Enthroned with Child Jesus with Saints and Angels”).
“The Annunciation.”
“Isaiah.”
“Nativity.”
“Ezekiel.”
“Adoration of the Magi.”
“Solomon.”
“Presentation in the Temple.”
“Malachi.”
“The Massacre of the Innocents.”
“Jeremiah.”
“The Flight into Egypt.”
“Hosea.”
“The Child Jesus among the Doctors in the Temple.”
“Thaddaeus.”
“Simon the Apostle."
“Philip the Apostle.”
“James the Greater.”
“Bartholomew the Apostle.”
“Thomas the Apostle.”
“Matthias.”
“Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin Mary.”
“Mary taking leave of John.”
“Mary taking leave of the Apostles.”
“The Death of Mary.”
“Funeral Rites of Mary.”
“The Entombment of Mary.”
“The Assumption of the Virgin Mary.”
“The Coronation of the Virgin Mary.”
Back includes:
“The Baptism of Christ.”
“The First Temptation of Christ.”
“The Temptation on a Pinnacle of the Temple.”
“The Temptation on the Mountaintop”.
“The Calling of the Apostles Peter and Andrew.”
“The Marriage at Cana.”
“Christ and the Woman of Samaria.”
“Christ Healing the Blind.”
“The Transfiguration of Jesus Christ.”
“The Raising of Lazarus from the Dead.”
“The Entrance of Jesus Christ into Jerusalem.”
“Jesus Washing the Feet of the Apostles.”
“The Last Supper.”
“Christ Taking leave of the Apostles.”
“The Covenant of Judas.”
“Christ in the Garden of Olives.”
“The Kiss of Judas.”
“The Denial of Christ by St. Peter.”
“Christ before Annas.”
“Christ before Caiaphas.”
“Christ buffeted.”
“Christ is arraigned by the Pharisees.”
“Pontius Pilate questioning Christ.”
“Christ before Herod.”
“The Scourging of Christ.”
“The Crowning with Thorns.”
“Pontius Pilate Washing his hands.”
“Calvary.”
“The Crucifixion.”
“The Descent from the Cross.”
“The Entombment.”
“The Three Marys at the Tomb of Christ.”
“The Descent of Christ into Limbo.”
“Noli me Tangere.”
“The Way to Emmaus.”
“Christ Appearing to the Apostles after His Resurrection.”
“The Disbelief of Thomas.”
“Christ Appearing beside the Lake of Tiberias.”
“Christ Speaking with Peter.”
“Christ Appearing to the Apostles on a Mountain in Galilee.”
“Christ Appearing to the Apostles in the Upper Room.”
“The Ascension.”
“Pentecost.”
“Babylonian Captivity” of the Pope. 1309
Under French influence, Philippe IV, King of France, invites the Frenchman, Pope Clement V
(Pope: 1305-1314), to move the headquarters of the papacy from Rome to France.
Clement V makes Avignon, France the seat of the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Clement V
sets up papal court at Avignon. Avignon will remain the seat of the Church from 1309 until 1377.
Siegfried von Feuchtwangen (Master: 1303-1311). 1309
The High Master of the Order of the Teutonic Knights (founded
originally for service in the Holy Land, an association recalled by the name of Thorn, the
Order’s first foundation in Prussia).
Moves the seat of the Teutonic Order from Venice, Italy to Marienburg (Malbork) in
Pomesania (in Prussia).
The Hospitaller Knights move their headquarters from the island of Cyprus to the island
of Rhodes. 1309
Gibraltar is retaken from the Mohammedans. 1309
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Ramon Lùll (c.1232-1315).
In Paris. Fights Averroism there. 1309-1311
Founding of the University of Orléans. 1309
Privilege by Pope Clement V, 1305.
Permanent union of Aragon and Valencia. 1309
Death of St. Angela of Foligno (1248-1309). January 4, 1309
Stigmatica, ecstatica, and incorruptible.
Robert of Anjou. King of Naples. 1309-1343
Doge’s Palace, Venice. Begun. 1309
Built on the site of earlier palaces (1309-1440).
Jean Joinville (c.1224-1317). French historian.
(“Histoire de Saint Louis”). 1309 “The Life of Saint Louis.”
Council of Ten is founded in Venice (Venetian tribunal). 1310
Governs Venice until the state of Venice is dissolved by Napoleon in 1797.
Philip IV, King of France.
Illegally orders the Archbishop of Sens to place fifty four Templar Knights on trial and
condemn them to be burned at the stake as relapsed heretics for daring to retract their
confessions which they made under excruciating tortures. 1310
None of the accusations against the Templar Order are true.
Orvieto Cathedral. c.1310
Lorenzo Maitani and others. Begun c.1290.
Conquest of Rhodes from the Moslems by the Hospitalers (Knights of St. John of Jerusalem). 1310
They will rule the island of Rhodes until 1522.
Giotto (1266-1337). Italian.
“Ognisanti Madonna”. c.1310
(Enthroned Madonna). Panel painting.
Johannes de Muris. c.1310
Philosopher, scholar, mathematician, and astronomer.
“Speculum Musices.” Musical treatise.
Death of St. Umiltà of Faenza (1226-1310) at Florence. May 22, 1310
Establishment of the Feast of Corpus Christi in Europe. 1311
Robert Bruce of Scotland.
Invades northern England. 1311
Council of Vienne. 1311-1312
(Fifteenth General Council of the Catholic Church).
Convened by Clement V.
Condemnation of Beguines (1311). They still survive however in Belgium and the Netherlands.
Condemnation of the Beghards (1311) as heretics. 1311
They will gradually disappear.
Exoneration of Boniface VIII.
Condemnation of Knights Templar instigated by Philip IV, King of France.
Knights of the Templar Order are condemned by Pope Clement V at the instigation of Philip
IV, King of France. 1311-1312
None of the accusations against the Templar Order are true.
Bernard Guidonis (Bernard Gui). French.
Elected Master General of the Dominican Order. 1311
Church of the Holy Apostles. Salonika, Greece. 1312-1315
Death of Christina of Stommeln (1242-1312). November 6, 1312
Also known as Christina Bruzo (Bruso). Stigmatica and ecstatica.
Alphonso XI. King of Castile. 1312-1350
Treaty of Vienne. 1312
Philip IV, King of France, annexes Lyons to France.
Henry VII of Luxembourg is crowned emperor in Rome. 1312
Death of Henry VII of Luxembourg while advancing against Naples. 1312
Civil War in the Holy Roman Empire. 1313-1325
Death of the malignant genius William de Nogaret, the agent of Philip IV of France, that
caused the innocent Templar Knights to confess under excruciating tortures to crimes
that they never committed. April 1313
Philip IV, King of France. March 11, 1314
Envious of the fame of the Templar Order and their possessions, Philip IV orders the last
Grand Master of the Order of Knights Templars, Jacques de Molay, to be burned at the stake
for heresy in France.
Sixty nine other Templars are also burned at the stake. The Templar Order is abolished.
They Templars were all forced to confess to things that they did not do by submitting them
to long and unspeakable tortures.
Pope Clement V dies 33 days after Jacques de Molay and the Templar Order was condemned
by false accusations, false witnesses, and false testimonies. April 14, 1314
Simone Martini (c.1284-1344). Italian painter.
Begins painting of ten scenes from the life of St. Martin of Tours. 1313
He will complete them in 1318.
“St. Martin dividing his cloak with a beggar”.
“St. Martin is made a knight”.
“St. Martin Renouncing his Weapons”.
“MIracle of the child raised from the dead”.
“The Miraculous Mass”.
“The Dream of St. Ambrose of Milan”.
“St. Martin’s visit to the Emperor and the burning throne”.
“Apparition of Christ and Angels in the Dream of St. Martin”.
“Death of St. Martin”.
“The Burial of St. Martin”.
Death of Philip IV (b.1268-d.1314), King of France. Nov. 29, 1314
Philip IV Illegally caused the destruction of the Templar Order.
Louis X. King of France. 1314-1316
Edward II, King of England, invades Scotland. 1314
Battle of Bannockburn. June 24, 1314
Robert the Bruce, the Scottish leader, defeats an invading English army of 15,000 men,
under Edward II, King of England, at Bannockburn in Scotland.
Edward II of England barely manages to escape capture.
This is the greatest loss ever suffered by the English knights in a single day. 4,000 Scots are killed.
Scotland wins independence from England.
Louis IV of Bavaria is elected Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen. 1314
Rules 1314-1347.
Frederick III of Austria is elected King of Germany at Bonn. 1314
Rules 1314-1325.
Frederick III is rival king to Louis IV of Bavaria.
Beginning of civil war between Louis IV and Frederick III of Austria, his rival. 1314
Exeter. English college is founded. 1314
Terrible famine in England. 1314
People eat cats and dogs. Thousands perish.
George V, King of Georgia. 1314-1346
Ramon Lùll (c.1232-1315). Franciscan tertiary. 1315
Teaches Christian doctrine openly among the Mohammedans in Tunis.
He is stoned to death by the Mohammedans.
During his life, Ramon Lùll wrote over 100 books.
His subjects included biology, chemistry, physics, anatomy, medicine, astronomy, psychology, philosophy, military science, grammar, rhetoric, mathematics, logic, and mnemonics (the Ars
Memoria).
Battle of Mortgarten. Nov. 1315
Victory of the Swiss Confederation over Leopold of Austria.
Edward Bruce, brother of Robert Bruce, leads a Scottish invasion into Ireland.
They ally with Irish chieftains. 1315
English rule is undermined.
Peter of Abano (c.1250-c.1316) is accused of heresy (on charges of practicing magic) for
the second time. 1315
He dies in 1316.
Giovanni Pisano. Italian sculptor and architect. Madonna. Marble. ca.1315
Simone Martini (ca.1284-1344). Italian.
Maesta (The Virgin Mary in Majesty). Fresco painting. Siena. 1315
Disease and starvation claims approximately six percent of the total population of Europe. 1315-1317
John XXII (b.1249-d.1334). Avignon Pope. 1316
Pope 1316-1334.
Death of Louis X, King of France.
Philip V (b.1294-d.1322). King of France. 1316-1322
Universal dearth in England. 1316
The living can scarcely bury the dead. Thousands perish.
Terrible dearth in Ireland. Thousands perish. 1316
Rumors of Prestor John, the legendary Christian king in East Africa, lead Pope John XXII
to send eight Dominicans to Ethiopia in order to search for him. 1316
Philip. King of Navarre. 1316-1322
Accession of Grand Duke Gedimin, founder of the Lithuanian Empire. 1316
Rules 1316-1341.
Fall of the Indian kingdom of the Deccan to the Mohammedans. 1316
Mondino de’Luzzi (c.1275-1326). Italian.
“Anatomia.” A work on human Anatomy. 1316
Ugolino di Nerio. Active. 1317-1327
“The Deposition.” Painting.
Simone Martini (c.1284-1344). Italian.
“Robert of Anjou crowned by Saint Louis.” Panel painting. c.1317
Paints altarpiece for Robert of Anjou.
Giotto (1266-1337). Santa Croce, Florence. ca.1318-1320
“St. Francis Undergoing the test by Fire Before the Sultan.” Fresco.
“The Death of St. Francis.” Fresco.
“The Ascension of St. John the Evangelist.”
“The Feast of Herod.”
Siege of Bursa (1317-1326) begins. 1317
Army of Othman I, lays siege to Bursa (Brusa), an outpost of the Byzantine Empire in
northwestern Asia Minor.
The garrison holds out for nine years against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
Bursa will finally be starved into submission and fall in 1326.
Great famine in Ireland. 1317
Salic Law is adopted in France to justify Philip V’s succession. 1317
Salic Law excludes females from succession to the throne.
Pope John XXII.
Issues strong condemnation of the practice of alchemy. 1317
Basarab I. Ruler of Walachia. 1317-1352
Diniz. King of Portugal (ruled: 1279-1325).
Founds the Portuguese navy. 1317
Death of St. Agnes of Montepulciano (1268-1317). April 20, 1317
Odoric of Pordenone (c.1286-1331). Franciscan Order.
A Christian missionary, he is sent to Eastern Asia. 1318
He spends twelve years traveling through Asia.
Pope John XXII.
Denounces the Fraticelli. 1318
Declares many of their doctrines to be heretical.
Four false Franciscans are burnt for heresy at Marseilles. 1318
John XXII is Pope.
Battle of Faughart (near Dundalk). Oct. 1318
A Scottish army of 3,000 men is defeated and Edward Bruce is killed.
Greatest earthquake in the British Isles to this date. 1318
The Swiss make peace with the Habsburgs. 1318
Marchettus de Padua. Italian.
“Lucidarium in Arte Musicae Planae” and “Pomerium in Arte Musicae Mensuratae.”
These two treatises on musical notation are published. 1318
William of Ockham is teaching at Oxford University. 1318-1324
Pope John XXII.
Sets up a commission to inquire into the practice of magic by the clergy at the papal court. 1318
Union of Norway and Sweden under Magnus II of Sweden.
(Magnus VII of Norway). 1319
Magnus VII Eriksson. King of Sweden. 1319-1363
Also becomes Magnus VII King of Norway. 1319-1343
Battle of Myton-upon-Swale. Sept. 1319
The Scots defeat the English at Myton-upon-Swale.
A Hospitaller and Genoese fleet destroy a flotilla of the Ottoman Turkish Empire off Ephesus. 1319
Master of the Codex of St. George. Unknown painter.
“The Redeemer with The Virgin Mary, St. Peter, St. John the Apostle, St. Paul, and one
Saint (?)”. Painted on Wood. c.1320-1340
Peace of Paris. 1320
Between France and Flanders.
Ladislaus I (Vladislav I) Lokietek is crowned in Cracow. 1320
King of Poland (1320-1333).
Re-establishes united Polish kingdom.
Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361). French.
“Ars Nova.” Musical treatise. 1320
Giotto (1266-1337). Italian.
“The Last Supper.” Painting. ca.1320
Pietro Lorenzetti (died ca.1348). Italian.
“Madonna and Child with Saints, Annunciation, and Assumption.” 1320
Panel painting.
Christopher II reigns in Denmark. 1320-1326
Reigns also 1330-1331.
Gediman of Lithuania.
Conquest of Kiev by the Lithuanians. 1320
Master of the Right Transept.
Nativity. Fresco. 1320-1330
Right Transept, Lower Church, San Francesco, Assisi.
Civil war in the Byzantine Empire. 1321-1328
Monte Cassino becomes a bishopric. 1321
Famine in England. 1321
Thousands perish.
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). Italian. c.1321
Completes “La Divina Commedia” (“The Divine Comedy”). Begun c.1307.
Consists of Cantiche I: Inferno
Cantiche II: Purgatorio
Cantiche III: Paradiso
Death of Dante Alighieri. 1321
Monastery Church of Gračanica, Yugoslavia. 1321
Built during the reign of King Milutin.
William Belibaste, Cathar (Catharism) leader, burnt. 1321
Barons’ Revolt in England. 1322
Edward II, King of England, defeats his rebellious nephew Thomas of Lancaster at the
Battle of Boroughbridge. Edward II has his nephew, Thomas of Lancaster, beheaded.
Barons’ power in England is broken.
Charles IV, the Fair (b.1294-d.1328). King of France. 1322-1328
Reigns as the last of the Capetian kings of France.
Charles I. King of Navarre. 1322-1328
Battle of Mühldorf. 1322
Victory of Louis IV of Bavaria at Mühldorf insures his claim to the throne.
Louis IV defeats Frederick’s army (Hapsburg).
Alan of Walsingham.
Completes the octagon of Ely Cathedral. 1322
Master John.
Completes the choir of Cologne Cathedral. 1322
Bernard Guidonis (Bernard Gui).
“Practica Inquisitionis Heretice Pravitatis.” c.1323
Deals with heretics, and how to detect them.
Deals especially with Manicheanism (Manichean heresy).
The last Cathars (Catharism/Albigensianism) of southern France are burnt at the stake. 1323-1324
Revolt in Flanders. 1323-1328
The Mamelukes conclude a treaty with the Mongols in Egypt. 1323
Odoric of Pordenone (c.1286-1331). Franciscan Order. A Christian missionary, he travels
through China. 1324-1328
Excommunication of Emperor Louis IV by Pope John XXII. March 1324
Consecration of Burgos Cathedral. 1324
John of Janduno (Averroist) and Marsilius of Padua (Averroist) collaborate in writing the
“Defensor Pacis” (Paris). 1324-1327
(“Defender of the Peace”).
This is the most extreme of all attacks yet launched on the Pope’s claim to supremacy.
Sets out arguments in favour of a purely secular state.
Death of Marco Polo (1254-1324). 1324
Cecco d’Ascoli, astrologer, is condemned by the Inquisition. 1324
Cecco d’Ascoli denies Free Will. Burned 1327.
Alfonso IV. King of Portugal. 1325-1357
“Tournai Mass.” 1325
First polyphonic Mass that is still extant.
Peak of Mohammedan power in Spain. c.1325
Famine in China. 1325
8 million out of 45 million Chinese die.
Luttrell Psalter. c.1325
English illustrated manuscript.
Master of the Codex of Saint George. Painter’s name is unknown.
“Codex of Saint George”. 1324-1330
Beginning of the Nō theatre in Japan. c.1325
Fall of the Christian city of Bursa, to Orkhan I, son of Osman I, the leader of the Ottoman
Turkish moslems. Nov. 1326
Bursa falls after a nine year moslem siege which began in 1317.
Death of Osman I (b.1259-d.1326), the founder of the Ottoman Turkish Empire (see 1288). 1326
Orkhan, his son, makes Bursa his capital.
Bursa becomes the first capital of the Ottoman Turkish moslems.
Bursa will be replaced as the Ottoman Turkish capital, 40 years
later by Adrianople, in Thrace, in 1366.
Orkhan (also Orhan) I. Second Ottoman ruler.
Rules as the Sultan of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 1326-1360
Orkhan I will lead the moslem Jihad across the Dardanelles and into Europe (1345).
The Ottoman moslems begin their invasion of Eastern Europe under the rule of Orkhan I.
Orkhan I forms the Janissaries. 1326
The Janissaries are formed by capturing young Christian boys from Christian cities in Europe.
The young boys are indoctrinated to become moslems.
They are provided with military training, and then sent out to fight in the wars of the moslem
jihad, against the Christian nations.
The Janissaries will continue until 1826 when they are finally suppressed.
Isabella, the wife of Edward II, King of England, and her paramour Roger Mortimer sail from
France with an army in order to rebel against Edward II of England. 1326
They invade England and capture Edward II, the king.
First Polish War. 1326-1333
The Teutonic Knights raid Poland.
The Teutonic Knights will defeat Poland in 1333.
Robert de Handlo.
“Regulae cum Maximis Magistri Franconis, cum Additionibus Aliorum Musicorum.” 1326
Musical treatise.
Cambridge University is founded. 1326
Pope John XXII declares Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, deposed. 1327
Edward II, King of England, is deposed by Parliament. 1327
Edward III, the Black Prince, the son of Edward II, accedes to the throne of England.
Edward II will be murdered nine months later at Berkeley Castle.
Edward III, the Black Prince. Rules England. 1327-1377
Teachings of Meister Eckhart (b.c.1260-1327). 1327
The German Dominican is accused of heresy.
Death of Meister Eckhart. 1327
Pope John XXII.
Issues a condemnation of the practice of sorcery and witchcraft. 1327
The great fire of Munich. 1327
The Aztecs establish their capital on the site of what is now called Mexico City (Tenochtitlan). 1327
Cecco d’Ascoli, astrologer, is burned at the stake by the Inquisition for denying the freedom
of the will (Free Will). 1327
Arrival of over 200,000 Mohammedans in order to assist Granada, in the war against
Christian Spain. 1327
Arrival of Bernardo Barlaamo (Barlaam) of Calabria in Constantinople, the capital of the
Byzantine Empire. 1327
Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Excommunicated in 1324, Louis IV invades Italy. 1328
Receives the imperial crown in Rome from Sciarra Colonna.
Declares the deposition of Pope John XXII on the charge of heresy.
Louis IV, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Proclaims one of the heretical Fraticelli, pope (anti-pope) with the name Nicholas V. May 1328
Antipope (false pope) Nicholas V will be driven from Rome three months later.
Robert Bruce of Scotland.
Invades England. 1328
England is forced to recognize the independence of Scotland (Treaty of Northampton in
same year).
England recognizes Robert Bruce as King of Scotland.
Death of Charles IV, King of France. 1328
Charles IV is the last in the line of Capetian kings of France.
He dies without leaving an heir. His sister’s son, the king of England, lays claim to the throne
and seeks to unite the crowns of France and England.
This claim will give rise to the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453).
Charles IV is succeeded by his cousin Philippe VI of Valois.
Philippe VI rules 1328-1350 founding the House of Valois (Valois line of kings) which will last
until 1589.
End of the Capetian Dynasty of kings in France. 1328
The Capetian kings had ruled France since 987.
Philip VI, King of France, intervenes in troubled Flanders. 1328
Philip VI defeats the Flemings at the Battle of Cassel.
For a time Philip VI takes over Flanders.
Edward III, King of England, threatened with confiscation of his vast holdings in southwestern
France, submits to Philip VI of France and does him homage (1329).
Alfonso IV. King of Aragon. 1328-1336
Andronicus II Paleologus, Byzantine Emperor, is deposed by his grandson. 1328
Andronicus III. Byzantine Emperor. 1328-1341
Excommunication of William of Ockham. 1328
Ivan I Kalita. Grand Duke of Novgorod and Vladimir. 1328-1341
Ivan I makes Moscow his capital in 1328.
Thomas Brandwardine. 1328
“Tractatus de proportionibus velocitatum in motibus.”
This is an early work on Kinematics using algebra.
Improves on the Aristotelian laws of motion.
Taddeo Gaddi (1290-1366).
Fresco cycle of paintings of scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary.
Santa Croce, Florence. Paintings include: 1328-1333
“The Expulsion of Joachim from the Temple”.
“The Meeting of Joachim and Anna at the Golden Gate”.
“The Presentation of the Virgin”.
“The Marriage of the Virgin”.
“The Adoration of the Magi”.
Pope John XXII.
“In agro dominico”. 1329
Condemnation of 28 theses maintained by Meister Eckhart (d.1327).
Battle of Pelakanon. June 1329
Fought between Byzantine army and the Ottoman Turks.
Andronicus III, Byzantine Emperor, is defeated by Orkhan I, the ruler of the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
Orkhan I takes Nicaea.
Eruption of the great volcano, Etna in Sicily. 1329
Death of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland. 1329
David II, succeeds his father, Robert Bruce, as King of Scotland.
David II rules 1329-1371.
Andrea Pisano (ca.1270-1349). Italian sculptor. 1329-1336
South door of the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral.
The door is made of gilded bronze. Contains 28 relief panels.
20 depicting scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist and 8 depicting the eight virtues
(Faith, Hope, Fortitude, Prudence, etc).
Founding of the Monastery of Ettal, Bavaria. 1330
Serbs defeat Byzantines and Bulgarians, ending Bulgar power. 1330
Pietro Lorenzetti (d.c.1345). Italian.
“The Descent from the Cross.” Fresco painting. c.1330
Pietro da Rimini. Italian.
“The Deposition from the Cross.” Painting on wood. c.1330-1340
Origination of the Bubonic plague in India. c.1330
Barlaam of Calabria (Bernardo Massari) c.1290-1348.
Travels from Italy to the Greek peninsula and opens a school in Thessalonica. 1330
Barlaam teaches Logic, Dialectics, Geometry, Mathematics, Astronomy, Philosophy, and History.
John Bassaraba founds the independent principality of Walachia. 1330
Odoric of Pordenone (c.1286-1331). Franciscan Order.
Returns to Padua, by way of central Asia, after spending three years in China.
He spent a total of twelve years traveling through Asia. 1330
Simone Martini of Siena (c.1284-1344). Italian painter.
Altarpiece of the Miracles of the Blessed Agostino Novello. c.1330-1336
“Child attacked by a wolf”.
“Child falling from balcony”.
“Knight falling into a ravine”.
“Child falling from its cradle”.
Bernardo Daddi (c.1280-1350). Italian painter.
Altarpiece of San Pancrazio. 1336-1338 Includes “The Meeting of St. Joachim and St. Anne at the Golden Gate of Jerusalem.”
William of Ockham.
“Summa totius logicae.” c.1330
(Ockham’s razor).
Fall of Nicaea (modern Iznik) to Orkhan I, leader of the Ottoman Turkish Mohammedans. 1331
Stephen IV Dushan (d.1355), founder of Greater Serbia.
Proclaimed emperor of the Serbs at Skopyle. 1331
Stephen Dushan is King of Serbia, from 1331-1346, and will rule as Czar from 1346-1355.
Disputed imperial succession in Japan leads to Japanese civil wars against Hojo regents.
10,000 total war dead. 1331-1333
Fall of the Hojo family of shoguns.
Restoration of imperial power in Japan.
Battle of Dupplin Moor. Aug. 12, 1332
Edward de Baliol (Balliol), son of John de Balliol, invades Scotland
with the support of England.
Defeats David II. He is crowned King of Scotland (Sept. 24).
Recognizes Edward III, King of England, as overlord (Nov.).
Edward de Baliol will be driven back over the border (Dec.).
First record of English Parliament divided into two houses. 1332
Taddeo Gaddi (1290-1366). Italian.
“Annunciation to the Shepherds.” Fresco painting. 1332-1338
The Bubonic plague originates in India once again. 1332
Ambrogio Lorenzetti (c.1290-1348). Italian painter.
Scenes from the Life of Saint Nicholas of Bari. c.1332
“The Miracle of the Ships of Grain”.
“St. Nicholas resuscitates a young boy strangled by the devil”.
“St. Nicholas is ordained Bishop of Myra”.
“St. Nicholas giving gold to a destitute family”.
Battle of Halidon Hill. July 19, 1333
Edward III, King of England, besieging Berwick for Edward de Baliol, decisively defeats a
Scottish force led by Archibald Douglas, the regent for David II, King of Scotland.
Edward III, King of England, deposes David II of Scotland, and replaces him with puppet
king Edward de Baliol. 1333
Mohammedans recapture Gibraltar from Castile. 1333
Famine and plague in China. 1333-1337
6,600,000 perish. This famine may possibly have been related to the Bubonic plague that
originated in India and spread westward to Europe (the Black Death).
Flood in Florence. 1333
The Knights of the Teutonic Order defeat the Poles. 1333
End of the First Polish War (1326-1333).
Casimir III, the Great. King of Poland. 1333-1370
Casimir III is the last ruler of the Piast Dynasty.
Toghon Temür Khan (1320-1370), the last of the Mongol Emperors of China succeeds
to throne. 1333
Was a practitioner of the exercises of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism.
Simone Martini of Siena (c.1284-1344).
“The Annunciation with St. Ansanus and St. Maxima”. Triptych. 1333
Bernardo Daddi (1280-1348). Italian.
Triptych. “Virgin Mary and Child”. Central panel. 1333
“Nativity”. Left wing.
“Crucifixion”. Right wing.
Siege of Nicomedia.
Orkhan I leads the moslems in the takeover of Nicomedia. 1333-1337
Nicomedia will fall to the moslems in 1337.
Benedict XII. Avignon Pope. 1334-1342
Benedict XII was renowned as “the scourge of the heretics.”
The “Black Death” (Bubonic plague), strikes Constantinople. c.1334
Probably from India.
Giotto (1266-1337). Italian painter, architect, and sculptor.
Appointed chief architect to Florence. 1334
Appointed master of the works on the Duomo at Florence, the city fortifications, and all
public architectural undertakings.
Giotto designs the façade of the Duomo, which was not finished, and builds the Florence
Cathedral campanile.
John XIV, surnamed Kalekos. Patriarch of Constantinople. 1334-1347
John Kalekos is Anti-Hesychast and an opponent of Gregory Palamas (Palamism) and
Hesychastic practices.
Giovanni da Balduccio of Pisa.
Shrine of Saint Peter the Martyr in S. Eustorgio, Milan, Italy. 1334
Pope Benedict XII.
Issues reforms pertaining to monastic orders. 1335
Edward III, King of England.
Invades Scotland. 1335-1336
Louis IV of the Hapsburgs annexes Carinthia. 1335
Richard of Wallingford.
“Quadripartitium de sinibus demonstratis.” 1335
First original Latin treatise written on Trigonometry.
Ambrogio Lorenzetti (c.1290-1348). Italian.
Maesta: “Virgin Mary and Child Jesus with Saints and Angels.” 1335
Panel painting.
France once again declares war on England. 1336
Peter IV. King of Aragon. 1336-1387
The University of Paris decrees that no student can graduate without attending courses
in mathematics. 1336
Revolution in Japan. 1336
Emperor Daigo II is exiled.
The Ashikaga family rule Japan as shoguns (until 1568).
Period begins with civil war lasting until 1392.
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) visits Rome. 1337
Edward III, King of England, urged by Flanders, reasserts his claim to the throne of France. 1337
To enforce English demands on Philip VI, King of France, Edward III, King of England,
begins ravaging northwestern France.
The Hundred Years’ War (1137-1453) begins.
Beginning of the “Hundred Years’ War” between England and France. 1337
English and French kings fight for control of France.
Will end in 1453.
Simone Martini (c.1284-1344). Italian. c.1337
Polyptych. Paintings include:
“The Annunciation.”
“Crucifixion.”
“The Way to Golgotha.”
“The Descent from the Cross.”
“Pietà.”
Fall of Nicomedia (modern Izmit), to the Ottoman Turkish moslems under Orkhan I. 1337
Condemnation of Ockhamist (William of Ockham) teaching by the University of Paris. 1337
Confrontation of Gregory Palamas (Hesychast) with Barlaamo of Calabria (anti-Hesychast). 1337
Electoral Union of Rense. 1338
Six electors of the Holy Roman Empire declare that the emperor, like the Pope, derives his
authority directly from God, and once elected by the German princes, could therefore
disperse with his coronation by the Pope.
Electors of the Holy Roman Empire declare the Empire to be independent from the papacy.
The electors eliminate papal confirmation for the naming of an emperor.
Treaty of Coblenz. Sept. 5, 1338
Alliance between Edward III, King of England, and Louis (Ludwig) IV of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Alans, the Chinese imperial guard, are converted from paganism to Christianity. 1338
The French burn Portsmouth. 1338
Asia Minor is now completely under the control of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 1338
Founding of the University of Pisa in Italy. 1338
Edward III, King of England, continues his invasion of France via Flanders. 1339
Battle of Laupen. June 1339
Part of the Swiss-Burgundian Wars.
15,000 Burgundians commanded by Gerard of Vallangin lay siege to Laupen.
The Burgundians are defeated by the Swiss who used halberds and pikes.
Edward de Balliol is driven from Scotland. 1339
St. Peter’s Church. Leyden, Holland. 1339-1426
Battle of Río Salado. Oct. 30, 1340
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
After Mohammedans from North Africa launch a major invasion of Iberia, the Christians now
face both Moslems from Spain and from North Africa.
Alfonso XI, King of Castile, aided by Alphonso IV, King of Portugal, join forces and defeat the Mohammedans at Seville.
This is one of the greatest battles in the Christian reconquest of Spain from the Mohammedans.
Edward III, King of England.
Assumes the title of King of France at Ghent. Jan. 1340
Battle of Sluys (near Bruges). June 24, 1340
Part of the Hundred Years’ War.
Fought between English and French fleets.
The English defeat the French off Sluys (Sluis).
English get temporary control of the English Channel.
Maso di Banco (c.1324-1357)). Italian.
Fresco paintings. Santa Croce, Florence. c.1340
Six scenes from the Life and Miracles of St. Sylvester (d.335).
“Roman Emperor Constantine, on the throne, listens to St. Sylvester and then is baptized by him”.
“The Dream of Constantine with the vision of St. Peter and St. Paul”.
“Sylvester presents the sacred images to Constantine”.
“Sylvester closes the dragon's jaws and resurrects two dead Roman magicians killed by the
monster's breath”.
“Miracle of the resurrection of the bull”.
“New Year's Eve on Mount Soratte”.
Richard Rolle.
English Psalter (the Book of Psalms). c.1340
Nardo di Cione Orcagna (d. before 1367). Italian. c.1340
“Pietà.”
Paolo da Venezia (fl.1333-1362). Italian painter.
“Scenes from the Life of Christ.” c.1340
“The Virgin Mary and Child Jesus Enthroned.”
Valdemar (Waldemar) IV. King of Denmark. 1340-1375
First paper mill in Europe is set up at Fabriano, Italy. 1340
Italy is struck by the Black Death (bubonic plague). 1340
Thousands will perish.
Taddeo Gaddi (1290-1366). Italian painter.
Scenes from the Life of St. Eligius. c.1340
“St. Eligius as a Goldsmith”.
“St. Eligius before Clotaire II” .
Jean Buridan (c.1297-1358). French.
“Summulae di dialecta”. c.1340
On Logic and Dialectics.
Stephan Dushan of Serbia overruns Macedonia. 1341
The Greek Church, under Andronicus III (b.1296-d.1341),
the Byzantine Emperor, condemns and rejects Barlaam and his Anti-Hesychast position. June 1341
The Greeks defend Hesychasm and Hesychastic practices.
Four days later Emperor Andronicus III dies.
Sudden death of Andronicus III (1296-1341), Byzantine Emperor. 1341
John V Palaeologus becomes Emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
Rules 1341-1347, 1354-1376, and 1379-1391.
Outbreak of Civil War in the Byzantine Empire (1341-1355). 1341
Fought between John V Palaeologus and the anti-emperor John Cantacuzene, for control
of the Byzantine Empire.
Pietro Lorenzetti (fl.1306-1348). Italian painter.
“Twelve scenes from the Life of the Blessed Umilità of Faenza”. Polyptych. 1341
Alliance formed between Louis (Ludwig) IV of Germany and Philippe VI, King of France. March 1341
Simeon. Grand Duke of Moscow. 1341-1353
War of the Breton Succession. 1341-1365
A dynastic struggle in Brittany. English are at war in Brittany.
Great “dearth” in England and Scotland. 1341
People eat cats, dogs, mice, rats, and horses.
Thousands perish.
Famine in Delhi, India. 1342
Thousands die from starvation.
Louis the Great, King of Hungary. 1342-1382
Giovanni Marignolli. Franciscan Order.
Sent as the legate of Pope Benedict XIII to the Emperor of China. 1342
He arrives at Peking, China.
Clement VI. Avignon Pope. 1342-1352
Simone Martini (c.1284-1344). Italian painter.
Polyptych of the Passion of Christ. c.1342
Includes “The Road to Calvary”.
Barlaam (Bernardo) of Calabria.
Rejects the Greek Church because of the controversy over Greek Hesychasm. 1342
He leaves Constantinople and returns to Italy.
Barlaam enters the Roman Catholic Church.
Barlaam is appointed Bishop of Geraci, Italy.
Ambrogio Lorenzetti (c.1290-1348). Italian.
“Presentation in the Temple.” Panel painting. 1342
Jean de Meurs.
“Quadripartitum numerorum.”
(“Fourfold Division of Numbers”). 1343
Treatise on mathematics, mechanics, and music.
John Kalekos (anti-Hesychast), the Patriarch of Constantinople, orders Gregory Palamas
(Hesychast) arrested. 1343
John Kalekos rejects all Hesychastic doctrine, practices, and teachings.
Pietro Lorenzetti. Italian.
“The Birth of the Virgin Mary”. Panel painting. 1342
Jan van Ruusbroec (1293-1381). Flemish.
“Die Chierheit der Gheestelekir Brulocht.” ca.1343-1350
(“The Spiritual Espousals”).
Richard Rolle (c.1300-1349).
“Incendium Amoris.” 1343
(“The Fire of Love”). Christian writing.
Zwettl Abbey. Austria. 1343
Peace of Kalisch. 1343
Teutonic Order receives land, cutting off Poland from access to the Baltic Sea.
Joan I. Queen of Naples. 1343-1381
Magnus VII Eriksson abdicates the throne of Norway. 1343
Haakon VI Magnusson reigns (1343-1380) as King of Norway.
Siege of Algeciras. 1344
Part of the Spanish Reconquista (711-1492).
Alfonso XI of Castile (and León) recaptures Algeciras from the moslems.
First known recorded use of the term “Hanseatic League”. 1344
Refers to the Hansa towns, a north German trading federation.
By 1344, the Serbians under King Stevan IV Dušan (Serbia) have conquered Albania,
Macedonia, Thessaly, and Epirus. 1344
St. Bridget of Sweden (c.1300-1373).
Founds a monastery at Vadstena marking the beginning of the Order of the Most Holy
Saviour (Bridgettines). 1344
St. Vitus’ Cathedral (Prague Cathedral). Czechoslovakia. 1344-1352
Begun by Matthew of Arras.
Philippe (1336-1375), the son of Valois French King Philip VI, is the first to be given the
title “Duke of Orléans.” 1344
Maso di Banco. Italian.
“Pietà.” Painting. 1344
Terrible famine throughout Hindustan. 1344-1345
Thousands perish.
Order of Knights Hospitallers join the papal league in the capture of Izmire from the Ottoman
Turkish Empire. 1344
Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Italian.
“The Annunciation.” Panel painting. 1344
John Cantacuzene, in the hope of making Orkhan I, the emir of the Ottoman Turkish Empire
an ally, offers him his daughter Theodora in marriage.
Orkhan I accepts the offer and gives John Cantacuzene military assistance consisting of
6,000 moslem troops. 1345
Orkhan I, the leader of the Ottoman moslems, now allied with Emperor John Cantacuzene,
enters the Balkans (Thrace) and attacks Serbia. 1346
This is the first entry of the Ottoman Turkish moslems into Europe.
Orkhan I is the first Ottoman ruler to bring an Ottoman army across the Dardanelles into Europe.
Orkhan I brings the moslem Jihad with him.
Beginning of the invasion of Europe by the Ottoman Turkish moslems.
The way is now prepared for the invasion of the Ottoman Turkish
armies which will ultimately lead to the fall and destruction of Constantinople 107 years later in 1453.
Expedition of the Earl of Derby in Guienne is successful. 1345
Aztecs found their first major center in Mexico. 1345
Doge’s Palace. Venice. Completed. 1340
Taddeo Gaddi (1290-1366). Italian painter.
“The Tree of Life and the Last Supper”. Fresco painting. 1345-1350
Reign of Algirdas, the successor of Gedimina in Lithuania. 1345-1377
Edward III, King of England, invades France. 1346
Lands a large expeditionary force at St. Vaast on the shore of the Cotentin Peninsula of
Normandy.
Edward III has about 15,000 men, mostly mobile lightly armored infantry and archers
carrying longbows.
Battle of Créçy (English vs. French). August 26, 1346
Part of the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453).
15,000 English under Edward III, King of England, defeat 40,000 French and Genoese under
Philip VI, King of France.
Possibly the first use of cannon. French lose almost 12,000 men.
This is considered one of the decisive battles in the history of the world.
Charles IV. German king. 1346-1378
Johannes Tauler (ca.1300-1371). Christian monk.
“Sermons.” 1346
Stephen IV Dushan (d.1355), King of the Serbians.
Crowns himself “Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks.” 1346
Bulgaria, Albania, and Macedonia are very briefly united.
Valdemar IV of Denmark sells Estonia to the Teutonic Order. 1346
Scottish invasion of England. Oct. 17, 1346
Battle of Neville’s Cross.
The English successfully crush the Scottish invasion of England at the Battle of Neville’s
Cross, near Durham. English capture David II, King of Scotland.
The English capture Calais. Calais surrenders to Edward III. 1347
England makes truce with France.
The English will hold Calais until 1558.
Death of Louis IV, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
He is succeeded by Charles IV of Luxembourg. 1347
Reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. 1347-1378
Famine in Italy destroys almost one third of the population. 1347
Starvation is followed by plague. Thousands perish.
In Rome, Cola di Rienzi (1313-1354), rebels against the Church and the nobles, and
attempts to re-establish the ancient Roman Republic. 1347
He rules Rome briefly as “Tribune of the People” (April-December).
He will be decapitated by the Romans in 1354.
Outbreak of the Black Death (bubonic plague) in the east. 1347
The Bubonic Plague, still known as the Black Death, strikes Cyprus from Eastern Asia. 1347
Possibly from India.
The plague begins to rapidly spread westward towards Europe (1348).
Birth of Saint Catherine of Siena (1347-1381). March 25, 1347
John V Paleologus marries Helena Cantacuzene (daughter of John Cantacuzene). 1347
John VI Cantacuzene (b.1292-d.1383).
He displaces John V Paleologus. John VI Cantacuzene becomes anti-emperor of the
Byzantine Empire. 1347
He is aided by the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
John VI Cantacuzene rules 1347-1354.
Isidore I Buchiras.
Hesychast (Hesychasm) Patriarch of Constantinople. 1347-1350
A convoy of Genoese galleys, believed to have come from the Crimea, limps into Messina,
Sicily guided by dying men. October 1347
The ships are ordered out of the harbor, but it is already too late.
The Messinans flee, spreading the bubonic plague throughout Sicily.
The Bubonic Plague rapidly spreads to the rest of Europe in one year by 1348. 1347
The plague will wipe out about one third of the population of Europe (1348-1350 are the worst
years) by 1350.
Within 25 years, the plague kills about two thirds of the total population of Europe and Asia
(this is about 75 million people).
This bubonic plague is considered by many to be one of the greatest disasters in the history
of the world.
Ireland and Cyprus are ravaged by the Bubonic Plague. 1347
The Byzantine Empire is devastated by the Bubonic Plague. 1348
Bubonic Plague breaks out in Italy. 1348
Bubonic Plague in Siena. 80,000 people die. 1348
Black Death breaks out in France. 1348
Europe is ravaged by the Bubonic Plague. 1348-1351 Also called the Black Death.
The Black Death reaches England. August 1348
Plague rages there for three years.
One third of the population of England dies.
In London alone, 200 persons are buried daily.
Magnus, King of Sweden, invades Russia. 1348
The Prussians defeat the Lithuanians at Strawe. 1348
Charles IV. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Founds the University of Prague. 1348
Edward III, King of England.
Founds the “Order of the Garter”. 1348
Karlstein Castle. Czechoslovakia. 1348
Built for Emperor Charles IV.
Rise of the Flagellants in Germany and Italy. 1349
Bogdan Voda founds the independent principality of Moldavia. 1349
William of Ockham dies of the Bubonic Plague at Munich. 1349
St. Bridget of Sweden (c.1300-1373).
Gathers a group of fellow pilgrims and leaves Sweden (never to return) and leaves for Rome. 1349
As she leaves, Sweden is struck by the bubonic plague (“Black Death”).
Two thirds of the inhabitants of Norway die, half as many in Sweden.
Stephen IV Dushan.
Issues Serbian code of law. 1349
This is the earliest monument of the Serbian language.
Death of Philippe VI, King of France. 1350
He is succeeded by his son Jean (John) II the Good (Valois).
John II rules 1350-1364.
Thais from Southern China establish a kingdom in what is now called Thailand. 1350
Cathedral at Palma, Majorca. 1350
Completion of Bergamo Cathedral. 1350
Completion of Salisbury Cathedral. 1350
Nardo di Cione. Italian.
“Last Judgement”. Fresco. 1350
“Paradise.” Fresco. c.1350
“Hell.” Fresco. 1350
Unknown Bohemian Master.
“Death of the Virgin.” Panel painting. 1350-1360
Edward III, King of England.
Begins to rebuild Windsor Castle. 1350
The Scots assemble in order to attempt another invasion of England. 1350
The Scots attempt to despoil the plague stricken land of their neighbors the English.
Their plan backfires, however, and the Black Death spreads from England into Scotland.
John VI, Cantacuzene, the Byzantine anti-emperor.
Captures Thessalonica. 1350
Famine follows the Bubonic Plague in France. 1350-1355
A small cask of herring sells for 30 golden crowns. Thousands perish.
Peter, the Cruel (b.1334-d.1369). King of Castile and León. 1350-1369
During the spread of the “Black Death” (1347-1354) pogroms take place in France, Spain,
Austria, Poland, and especially Germany. 1347-1349
Charles IV. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Imprisons Cola di Rienzi in Prague. 1350
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) meets Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) for the first time. 1350
Barna da Siena.
“Pact of Judas with the Jews”. Fresco. 1350
“Betrayal of Christ”. Fresco. 1350
Nicole Oresme (c1320-1382).
“De Uniformitate et Difformitate”. c.1350
Discusses change and the rate of change quantitatively.
Studies uniform motion, motion with varying velocity, and motion with constant acceleration.
Petrarch (1304-1374). Italian.
“Epistle to Posterity.” Autobiography. 1351
Russia is ravaged by the Black Death. 1351
Greek Church council accepts Hesychasm and Hesychastic practices.
Condemns Anti-Hesychasm and all Anti-Hesychasts. 1351
Nicephorus Gregoras.
Condemned by the Greek Church for his Anti-Hesychast position. 1351
Winfrich von Kniprode. Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. 1351-1382
Leads the Teutonic Order in the Lithuanian Crusade against
paganism throughout the Lithuanian territory.
The Lithuanian pagans practice human sacrifice to their false gods.
Cola di Rienzi is extradited to Rome. 1352
Ranulf Higden. English author, historian, and scholar.
“Polychronicon.” A universal history. 1352
Founding of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 1352
Antwerp Cathedral. Antwerp, Belgium. 1352-1411
The largest of Belgian churches. Begun (1352).
Nicholas Alexander. Prince of Walachia. 1352-1364
Stevan Dušan (d.1355). King of Serbia.
Defeats a Hungarian invasion and captures Belgrade. 1353
John VI Cantacuzene. Byzantine anti-emperor.
Employs Ottoman Turks to help defeat the Serbians. 1353
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375). Italian.
Completes the “Decameron” (begun in 1348). 1353
Statute of Praemunire. England. 1353
English Parliament forbids appeals of English clergy to the Pope.
England and France.
Great famine. Thousands perish. 1353
Ivan II. Grand Duke of Moscow. 1353-1359
Philotheos Kokkinos. Hesychast Patriarch of Constantinople. 1353
From 1353 to 1354, 1354, and then again from 1364 to 1376.
Andrea Orcagna (real name is Andrea di Cione). Italian painter.
“The Altarpiece of the Redeemer”. Strozzi Chapel. 1354-1357
“Enthroned Christ with Virgin Mary and Saints.” Panel painting.
Orkhan I (son of Osman I).
Fall of Gallipoli to the Ottoman Turkish moslems.
The Ottoman Turks establish themselves in Europe at Gallipoli. 1354
They begin overrunning Thrace (see 1346).
Earthquake. Gallipoli is wrecked. March 1354
Stephen Dushan, the great Serbian leader, takes Adrianople (Edirne) from the Byzantine
Empire on his thrust toward Constantinople. 1355
John Paleologus enters the arsenal at Constantinople. 1354
Anti-emperor John VI Cantacuzene, after a reign of 13 years, is finally forced to abdicate.
Demetrius Cydones. Byzantine Greek.
Completes his translation of the “Summary Against the Gentiles” written by St. Thomas
Aquinas, from Latin into Greek. 1354
As a result of his reading the writings of Aquinas, Demetrius Cydones rejects Hesychasm
(Hesychastic Controversy).
Cydones leaves the Greek Church, and enters the Roman Catholic Church.
Andrea Orcagna (fl.1344-1368). Italian painter.
“St. Lawrence saving the Soul of Emperor Henry II.” 1354-1357
Death of Stephan IV Dushan, ruler of Serbia. Dec. 1355
Gospel Book of Tsar Ivan Alexander. Bulgaria. 1355-1356
Illustrated manuscript by the monk, Symeon.
Contains 366 miniature paintings of scenes from the New Testament.
Cola di Rienzi is finally killed by a mob in Rome after making another attempt to establish
tyranny. 1354
Charles IV of Luxembourg is crowned Emperor at Rome. 1355
Renewal of the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) fought between England and France. 1355
Edward the Black Prince, the eldest son of Edward III, King of England, lays waste
western France.
English forces enter Brittany and Artois. 1355
The Scots defeat the English at Nesbit. Aug. 1355
St. Mary’s Church, Nuremberg. Begun. 1355
Nicole Oresme (c.1320-1382). Bishop of Lisieux.
“Algorismus Proportionem”. c.1355
Introduces both a notation and some computation with fractional exponents.
Battle of Poitiers. 1356
Part of the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453).
7,000 English under Edward the Black Prince, eldest son of Edward III of England, defeat
20,500 French under John II, King of France, at Poitiers.
English capture Jean II of France and his son Philip the Bold.
The French are completely routed with a loss of 4,600 men.
English losses are very small.
English conquer almost all of the Southern French lands.
The French king is unable to continue the war.
Forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire move further westward into Europe. 1356
Edward Balliol cedes the crown of Scotland to Edward III of England. 1356
John Wyclif (c.1330-1384). English. Publishes his “Last Age of the Church.” 1356
Wycliff rejects the Real Presence.
Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV. 1356
Regulates the future election of German kings.
Golden Bull provides a new constitution for the Holy Roman Empire (will last until 1806).
Chu Yüan-chang, recaptures Nanking from the Mongols. 1356
Marks the beginning of Chinese rebellion against Mongol rule.
Barna da Siena. Italian.
“Jesus Christ Carrying the Cross.” Fresco painting. 1356
The Jacquerie in France. 1357-1358
Peasant uprising in Paris against the Dauphin, is led by Etienne Marcel and Robert le Coq.
Consecration of the Cathedral of Cologne. Sept. 26, 1357
Peter I. King of Portugal. 1357-1367
Accidental death of Suleiman, son of Orhan, in Thrace. 1357
Gregory Palamas, Greek Hesychast (Hesychasm), dies. 1358
Great “dearth” in England. 1358
Thousands perish.
Treaty of London. 1359
Edward III, King of England, and his captive Jean II, King of France (captured in 1356 at the
Battle of Poitiers) agree to the restoration to the English crown of French territories that were
once held by Henry II of England.
French nobles crush “Jacquerie” uprising by French peasants. 1358
Suppressed by the Regent Charles, son of John II, King of France.
Assassination of Etienne Marcel caused by his exorbitance.
The French Estates General rejects the Treaty of London. Nov. 1359
Edward III, King of England, invades northern France once again.
English campaign in France. 1359
Devastation of the invading army of Edward III, King of England, in France by lightning and
hailstorm at Chartres, France. 1359
1,000 are killed; 6,000 horses are also killed.
Murad I. Third ruler of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 1359-1389
Murad I renews the moslem onslaught on Thrace.
Conquest of Ankara by forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 1359
Lorenzo Veneziano (d.1372). Italian.
“The Mystic Marriage of Saint Catherine.” Painting. 1359
Beginning of work on the nave of St. Stephen’s in Vienna. 1359
Dimitri IV Donski. Grand Duke of Moscow. 1360-1389
Treaty of Guillon. Jan. 1360
Between Edward III, King of England, and Philip of Burgundy.
Treaty of Brétigny. May 1360
Ends the first part of the Hundred Years’ War.
French promise land and money to ransom their King Jean II.
Edward III, King of England, gives up his claim to the throne of France.
Leo Pilatus.
Becomes the first teacher of Greek, at Florence, Italy. 1360
Timur.
Appealing to the Koran, the heir presumptive of Gengis Khan, Timur (the Lame) or Tamerlane
(1336-1405), a Mongolian chieftain of Central Asia, proclaims himself to be the renewal of the
Mongol Empire. 1360
Nicolas Oresme (b.c.1320-d.1382). Bishop of Lisieux, France.
“Tractatus de figuratione potentiarum et mensurarum.” c.1360
Describes an early precursor to analytic geometry, calculus, and the fourth dimension.
Giovanni da Milano. Italian.
“Saint Francis of Assisi.” Painted on Wood. 113 x 39 cm. c.1360
Organization of the Janissary corps (Janissaries) by Murad I of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 1361
Andrea Vanni (c.1332-1414). Italian.
“The Agony in the Garden.” Painting. c.1361
Henry Suso, aka Henrich Seuse (c.1295-1366). German.
Writes the first German prose autobiography. 1362
Re-founding of the University of Pavia, Italy. 1361
Destruction of the city of Koty, Japan, by earthquake. 1361
Thousands perish.
Reappearance of the bubonic plague in Paris, France. 1361-1362
Thousands perish.
Reappearance of the bubonic plague in England. 1361-1362 Thousands perish.
Murad I. Ottoman Turkish sultan. c.1361-1389
Expansion of the Ottoman Turkish Empire under Sultan Murad I.
Murad I will complete the conquest of Asia Minor and the Balkans (most of what is now
Yugoslavia and Bulgaria).
Danish-German War. 1362
Waldemar (Valdemar) IV of Denmark defeats German fleet at The Battle of Helsingborg.
Urban V. Pope. 1362-1370
Prussian Knights and crusaders capture Kaunas. 1362
Fall of Adrianople (modern day Edirne). 1362
The Ottoman Turks under Murad I take Adrianople by assault.
Adrianople, 130 miles from Constantinople, will be made the capital of the Ottoman Turkish
Empire in the year 1366.
Edward, the Black Prince (1330-1376).
Rules Acquitaine. 1363-1372
Tamerlane (Timur the Lame), Mongol leader.
Begins the conquest of Asia. 1363
Francesco Traini.
“Apotheosis of Thomas Aquinas.” Altarpiece. 1363
Philip the Bold (1342-1404).
Receives Burgundy from his father John II, King of France. 1363
Becomes Duke of Burgundy (1364-1404).
Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377).
“Mass for Four Voices.” 1364
Composed for the coronation of Charles V at Rheims.
The Aztecs of Mexico build their capital, Tenochtitlan. 1364
University of Cracow (Poland). 1364
Founded by Casimir III of Poland.
John (Jean) II, King of France, returns voluntarily to captivity in England following a breach
of ransom terms. He will die there. 1364
Charles V, the Wise, (b.1337-d.1380) becomes King of France on the death in London of his
father Jean II, in captivity. Apr. 1364
Charles V rules 1364-1380.
Vladislav Vlaicu. Prince of Walachia. 1364-1377
Urban V urges continued war on paganism throughout Lithuania. 1364
Nicole Oresme (b.c.1320-d.1382). Bishop of Lisieux, Normandy.
“Tractatus De Latitudinibus Formarum.” (“Latitude of Forms”). c.1364
Introduces early beginnings of Analytic Geometry.
Probably influenced Rene Descartes.
Giovanni da Milano. Italian painter.
“The Raising of Lazarus from the dead.” Fresco. 1365 “Pietà.” Panel. 1365
St. Bridget of Sweden (1300-1373). 1365-1367
Spends two years in Naples, Italy, from July 1365-October 1367.
Founding of the University of Vienna by Rudolf IV. 1365
This is the first university to be established on German speaking territory.
William Langland (c.1332-1400) of Malvern.
“The Vision of Piers the Plowman.” First of three versions. c.1365
Written in Middle English.
Andrea da Firenze (Andrea di Bonaiuto). Active 1343-1377.
Frescoes at Santa Maria Novella.Florence. c.1366-1368
The following paintings are included.
“The Road to Calvary.”
“The Crucifixion.”
“The Descent into Hell.”
“The Navicella.” (St. Peter saved from drowning).
“The Resurrection.”
“The Ascension.”
“Pentecost.”
“Scenes from the Life of St. Peter Martyr.”
“Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas over the heretics Arius, Mahomet, and Averhoës.”
“Allegory of the Dominican Order.”
“The Triumph of the God-Christ over the world.”
Petrarch. Italian.
Writes “Canzoniere.” 1366
Murad I, Sultan of the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
Makes Adrianople the capital of the Ottoman Turkish Empire in Europe, replacing Bursa. 1366
The Ottoman capital will be Adrianople until 1453 when Constantinople is destroyed and conquered.
English Parliament refuses to pay dues to the Church. 1366
Cardinal Albornoz reconquers the Papal States. 1367
Battle of Navarrete (also called the Battle of Nájera). April 3, 1367
Anglo-French rivalry in Castile.
Pedro II, the Cruel, King of Castile and León, supported by 24,000 English under Edward, the
Black Prince, of England, defeat 60,000 French and Spanish under Enrique of Trastamara and
Bertrand du Guesclin at Navarrete, in northern Spain.
Ferdinand I. King of Portugal. 1367-1383
Plague, famine, and disease again in London, England. 1367
Thousands perish.
Plague, famine, and disease again in Paris, France. 1367
Thousands perish.
Confederation of Cologne. 1367
A confederation of 77 Hanse towns prepare for struggle with Valdemar, King of Denmark.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
Urges Pope Urban V to leave Avignon, in order to return the papacy to Rome from Avignon
(where it had been for half a century), despite the opposition from the French court and
cardinals. April 30, 1367
Pope Urban V leaves Avignon and returns to Rome. October 16, 1367
St. Vincent Ferrer (b.1350-d.1419).
Joins the Dominican Order. 1367
Nino Pisano (c.1315-1368). Italian sculptor. c.1367
Statues of Saint John the Apostle and Saint Paul.
Charles IV comes to Rome in order to be crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 1368
John Wycliffe.
Treatise “De Domino.” 1368
Ming Dynasty in China. 1368
Fall of the Yüan Dynasty (Mongol dynasty) in China.
Chu Yüan-Chang, leads a rebellion and drives the last Mongol Emperor from Peking.
He establishes a new national dynasty with its capital at Nanking.
The Mongol (Yüan) Dynasty in Peking, China falls ending in anarchy.
Yüan Dynasty is succeeded by the Ming Dynasty (lasts until 1644).
End of the influence of Christianity (Roman Catholicism) in China, whose center had been Peking.
Toghon Temür Khan flees but is later killed.
Ming Dynasty in China. 1368-1644
Resumption of the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453). 1369-1376
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and fourth son of Edward III, King of England, leads a
cavalry raid into France from Calais.
Second stage of the war between England and France begins. 1369
Third plague to strike London and Paris in decade. 1369
Thousands perish.
Timurlane. 1369
Becomes king of Transoxiana.
Tamerlane (Timur the Lame).
Ascends throne of Samarkand (-1405) which he makes the capital of his new empire.
Assumes the title of Great Khan. 1369
Reign of Tamerlane (aka Timur the Lame) Mongol leader begins.
Rules 1369-1405. 1369
Builds his strength in Central Asia.
John V, Byzantine Emperor, and his immediate followers visit the Pope.
They convert to Roman Catholicism. 1369
Barna da Siena. Italian.
“Crucifixion.” Painting. 1369
Repulsion of Hungarian invasion by Venice. 1369
Building of the Bastille, Paris, France. 1369-1382
Urban V (b.1310-d.1370). Aug. 5, 1370
Approves St. Bridget’s constitution for the Brigettines, while he is in Rome.
Battle of Montiel (in modern day Ciudad Real). 1369
Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and León, is defeated and killed by Henry of Trastamara.
Henry II (Henry of Trastamara). King of Castile and León.
Supported the French in the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453). 1369-1379
Amsterdam joins the Hanseatic League. 1369
Pope Urban V decides to return to Avignon. September 16, 1370
He returns despite the warning of St. Bridget of Sweden that he would die an early death
if he left Rome, and went back to Avignon.
Pope Urban V dies at Avignon, three months after he left Rome to return to Avignon.
December 19, 1370
Pope Gregory XI. 1370-1378
Death of Casimir III, the Great, of Poland. 1370
Casimir III is the last of the House of Piasts (c.840-1370), Poland’s first dynasty.
Louis I of Hungary (Angevin) is elected king (rules to 1382).
The Polish crown passes to Hungary during the reign of Louis I.
Angevin Dynasty rules in Poland 1370-1399.
Edward, the Black Prince of England, sacks Limoges in France. 1370
Knights of the Teutonic Order defeat Lithuanian pagans at Rudau. 1370
Karlshof Church. Prague. 1370
Built for Charles IV by Peter Parler.
Charterhouse, London. 1370
Built by the monks of the Carthusian Order.
Plague throughout Ireland. 1370
Thousands perish.
Tombs of Inez de Castro and Peter I. c.1370
An example of Portuguese Gothic sculpture.
Expulsion of the Jews from Flanders. 1370
Marriage of John of Gaunt with the daughter of Pedro the Cruel. 1370
Revolt in France. 1371
Edward, the Black Prince, is forced to return back to England.
In England, parliament dismisses the chancellor, William of Wykeham (who is also Bishop of Winchester), and declares that a layman should hold the position. 1371
Jean Froissart. French.
Completes “Chronicles.” Book One. 1371
English defeat the Flemings off Bourgneuf. 1371
Failure of Edward III, King of England, to invade France. 1371
The landing is prevented by powerful contrary winds.
Robert II. King of Scotland (Stuart). 1371-1390
Founds the Stuart line of Kings in Scotland.
The Stuart line will rule in Scotland from 1371 until 1625.
Ming Dynasty in China (founded in 1368) drives the last Mongols from Szechuan. 1371
Battle of Maritsa River. Sept. 26, 1371
(Also known as Battle of Chernomen).
A small Ottoman force under Lala Sahin Pasha defeat the Serbians on the Maritsa River, near Adrianople.
Ottoman Turks commanded by Murad I kill 50,000 of the large 70,000 man Serbian army.
Saint Bridget of Sweden (1300-1373).
Sets off on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. November 25, 1371
Her children Catherine, Karl, and Birger accompany her.
St. Bridget of Sweden (1300-1373).
She arrives at the city of Jerusalem. May 1372
Oxford University.
Becomes the religious (Christian) center of England. 1372
John Wycliffe (c.1330-1384). English.
Receives his doctorate degree at the University of Oxford. 1372
French defeat the English. 1372
French troops recapture Poitiers and Brittany.
Naval Battle of La Rochelle. June 22, 1372
(Part of the Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453)
French and Castillian fleets defeat the English fleet off La Rochelle, France.
The English fleet is entirely destroyed or captured.
The French regain control of the English Channel.
Lorenzo Veneziano. Italian.
“The Virgin Mary and Child.” Painting. Wood. 126 cm. x 56 cm. 1372
St. Bridget of Sweden (1300-1373) returns back to Rome from the city of Jerusalem. 1373
Death of St. Bridget of Sweden (1300-1373) while she is in Rome.
“Revelationes” (her autobiography). July 23, 1373
In the Hundred Years’ War, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and son of Edward III of England,
leads a new English invasion of France. 1373
John of Gaunt leads a cavalry raid through France from Calais to Bordeaux.
Pope Gregory XI.
Crusade against the Mohammedans is proclaimed. 1373
Death of St. Andrea Corsini (1302-1373). Carmelite Order. Jan. 6. 1373
Agnolo Gaddi. Italian.
Santa Croce, Florence.
“Episodes from the Story of the Holy Cross.” Fresco. c.1374
Charles V, King of France.
Sets up an organized system and chain of command in his French army. 1374
John of Gaunt, son of Edward III, King of England, returns to England.
Allied with his father’s mistress, Alice Perrers, he effectively
takes control of the government. 1374
Edward III is in his dotage, the Black Prince is ill (dies 1376).
By 1374, France regains lands that had been lost to England. 1374
Jacopo Avanzo. Italian.
“Liberation of the Companions of St. James.” Fresco painting. c.1374
Desolation of Italy by famine. 1374
Thousands perish.
Petrarch dies from the plague. 1374
Death of Boccaccio. 1375
St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380). Stigmatica, ecstatica.
St. Catherine receives a vision and receives the stigmata while she is on a visit to Pisa. 1375
Fall of Sis, the capital of Armenia Minor, to the Mamelukes. 1375
End of the independence of Armenia.
Stefano da Venezia (fl.1360-1385). Italian.
“The Coronation of the Virgin Mary.” Panel painting. c.1375
Robert of Geneva leads 6,000 cavalry and 4,000 infantry and
subdues Florence and Bologna with great brutality. 1375
Truce of Bruges. June 1375
Part of the Hundred Years’ War.
England and France agree to end of hostilities at Bruges (Flanders).
English are confined to Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Calais.
John Barbour (c.1320-1395). Scotland.
“Brus.” Poem on the life of Robert Bruce. Historically accurate. 1375
Edward, the Black Prince.
Calls the “Good Parliament”. 1376
Attempts to introduce changes in government.
Death of Edward, the Black Prince, age 45, heir to the throne of
England. 1376
John Wycliffe. English (at Oxford).
“Civil Dominion.” 1376
Asserts that the Church should not own property.
John Wycliffe supports a bill in parliament declaring it sinful for clergy to hold property. Wycliffe rejects Transubstantiation.
John Wycliffe (ca.1330-1384). English.
Wycliffe and his followers begin the first translation of the Vulgate Bible
into English vernacular. c.1376-1382
Excommunication of John Ball, English priest. 1376
Later, Ball, will be a leader in the Peasant Revolt of Wat Tyler (see 1381).
St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380). 1376
Catherine decides that if the pope would return to Italy voluntarily, she would personally go to Avignon to get him.
She goes to Avignon, and convinces the Pope that he must return to Rome.
Wenceslas, son of Charles IV, crowned King of the Romans. 1376