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7000 - 1 BC 1054 - 1376 1683 - 1774 1 BC - 476 1377 - 1491 1775 - 1815 477 - 799 1492 - 1587 1816 -1913 800 -1053 1588 - 1682 1914 - 2025 Welcome! Searches can be made by: - Opening up any of the 12 Books - Looking up a specific year - Looking up a particular Name, Place ,etc

Charlemagne (742-814) appears in person with an armed force, enters into Rome, and seizes the enemies of Pope Leo III and the Church. 800 Beginning of the Holy Roman Empire. 800 AD Christmas Day, Dec. 25, 800. Coronation of Charlemagne at Rome. Rules 800-814. Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, is crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III at Rome. The Holy Roman (West Roman) Empire is the new empire of the West, as opposed to the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire. It includes all of France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of the Mediterranean, and the greater portion of Pannonia. Irene, the Eastern Empress, refuses to recognize Charlemagne as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 800 Church of St. Boniface at Fulda, Germany. 800-822 Invasion of Bohemia by the Franks. 800 Harun-al-Rashid sends an embassy to the court of Charlemagne, 800 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Invasion of Germany by the Northmen (Vikings). 800 The city of Machu Picchu. Peru. c.800 Will be rediscovered in 1911. Temple of the Sun at Moche, Peru. c.800-900 A huge adobe brick temple, five stories high and crowned with a pyramid. It is the largest ancient construction in South America and rises to 135 ft.

The Annunciation of the coming birth of Jesus Christ. c. 1 BC Birth of John the Baptist. c. 1 BC Probable year of the birth of the Lord Jesus Christ at Bethlehem in what was then Roman Palestine. c. 1 BC The Circumcision of Christ eight days after his birth in accordance with Jewish law. c. 1 BC Presentation of Jesus in the temple forty days after his birth in accordance with Jewish law. c. 1 BC The Visit of the Magi. c. 1 BC The Flight into Egypt. c. 1 BC The Massacre of the Innocents. c. 1 BC Herod “the Great” orders all of the male children age two and under to be killed. Death of Herod “the Great”. c. 1 BC Herod dies in great agony from a loathsome disease, which drove him to try to kill himself. Herod Antipas, the son of Herod “the Great”, rules outside Judaea, in Peraea and Galilee. 1 BC-39 AD Philip, a Herodian, rules in the northeastern areas. 1 BC-34 AD Development of Gothic kingdom on the lower Vistula River (located in modern day Poland). c. 1 BC Beginning of the Christian Era. 1 AD Augustus Gaius Caesar (63 BC-14 AD) meets with Phraates V, the King of Parthia, on the Euphrates River. Gaius Caesar concludes a peace with him. 2 AD “Aqua Alsietina”. Roman aqueduct is built. c. 3 AD The rule of Emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten year period. 3 AD Joseph and Mary return from Egypt with Jesus Christ and take up residence in Nazareth. c. 4 AD Second command of the Roman general Tiberius in Germany. 4-6 AD Phraataces, King of Parthia, is killed. The crown is offered to Orodes III, King of Parthia. 4 AD Nicolaus of Damascus. Greek historian and philosopher. “History of The World”. 15 volumes. 4 AD “Historia Universalis”. (“Universal History”). 144 volumes. Completed. Cunobelinus (Cymbeline), king of the Catuvellauni, is recognized by the Romans as “Rex Brittonum”, a king of Britain. 5 AD Cymbeline reigns in Britain (5-40 AD). Lombard tribes on the lower Elbe are defeated by Roman legions. 5 AD Emperor Gaius Augustus. Tired of Herodian misrule, establishes a procuratorship in Judaea. 6 AD The Romans depose Herod Archaelaus. Judea becomes a Roman Province. Romans appoint a Procurator to govern Judea. The Jewish Sanhedrin and the high priest are partially independent. Oponius is the first Procurator of Judaea. 6-9 AD Germanicus is sent into Germany. 7 AD Vonones I becomes king of the Parthian Empire. 8 AD Roman general Tiberius suppresses revolts against Roman rule in Dalmatia and Pannonia. 9 AD Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. 9 AD The destruction of three Roman legions under Publius Quintilius Varus during a German revolt of the Germanic tribe the Cherusci lead by Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest. Roman Province of Pannonia is established. 9 AD Secures the Danube frontier. Marcus Ambivulus is the second Procurator of Judaea. 9-12 AD Artabanus II becomes ruler of Parthia. 11 AD Germanicus. Secures Germania Inferior (lower) and the Rhine. 11 AD Overthrow of the Artaxiad Dynasty in Armenia by the Romans. 12 AD Jesus Christ, age 12, is at the Temple of Jerusalem questioning the priests and the rabbis during the feast of the Passover. 12 AD Annius Rufus is appointed the third Procurator of the Roman province of Judaea. 12 AD Annius Rufus is Procurator 12-15 AD

Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) in the Near East. 7000-5600 BC “Neolithic Revolution”. 7000-6500 BC Beginning of settled life. Walled settlement at Jericho. c.7000 BC Earliest Neolithic culture in Southern Italy, Sicily, and Liguria. c. 6000 BC Chalcolithic Period (Copper-Stone Age). First metalwork. 5600-3500 BC Beginning of the Sumerian civilization. c. 5000 BC First settlements in the fertile river valleys of Sumer. Northern Mesopotamia. Appearance of the brilliant Tell Halaf pottery. c. 5000 BC Sumerians arrive in Southern Mesopotamia. 4500 BC The Sumerians are of unknown origin. The Sumerians settle in Southern Mesopotamia. 4500-2800 BC Mesopotamia means the land between the rivers. Sumerian Al’Ubaid period in Southern Mesopotamia. c. 4500 BC Begins with the appearance of painted pottery and a simple agricultural economy in the area. Sumerian Al’Ubaid culture in Southern Mesopotamia. c. 4260-2750 BC Well developed urban life. Earliest exactly dated year in history. 4241 BC Recorded date in the ancient Egyptian calendar. c. 4000 BC Farmers living along the Danube River in villages design stone replicas of their deities. First year of the Jewish calendar. 3760 BC Beginning of the Bronze Age in Mesopotamia. 3500 BC Tools are made of bronze. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Beginning of pictogram writing in early Mesopotamia. 3500 BC First phonetic writing. The Sumerian civilization in Lower Mesopotamia is considered by many ancient historians to be the first great civilization of mankind. “White Temple” on Ziggurat. Uruk (Warka). c. 3200 BC Beginning of ideogram writing in early Mesopotamia. c. 3200 BC The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing. c. 3200-3100 BC Beginning of phonogram writing (syllables) in early Mesopotamia. Temple of Uruk is built in Sumeria. c. 3100 BC Upper and Lower Egypt are united by Menes (Narmer), the first Pharaoh of the first dynasty. Menes built his capital at Memphis. c. 3100 BC Kish, which was situated near modern Baghdad, becomes the leading Sumerian city during the reign of King Etana. c. 3000 BC The “Great Deluge”. c. 3000 BC The Old Testament (Jewish) account corresponds with the later written Gilgamesh Epic. The Bronze Age culture begins, in Europe, in the Aegean and Greece. ca. 3000 BC Meskiaggasher founds dynasty in Erech. ca. 2800 BC This dynasty begins to rival Kish. Rise of Kingship in Sumeria. 2800 BC Rise of early Helladic culture on the mainland of Greece (central Greece and the Peloponnesus). 2800-2100 BC Bronze Age culture in Melos and other islands of the Cyclades. Early Cycladic. 2800-2200 BC Royal burials at Ur. 2750-2650 BC Gilgamesh. Sumerian. Reigns as king of Uruk (Erech). ca. 2750 BC Gilgamesh builds walls around Uruk. The Gilgamesh epic. c. 2750 BC Kingship becomes hereditary in Sumeria. 2700 BC Third Egyptian Dynasty. c. 2600 BC Imhotep.Builds stepped pyramid in early Egypt. 2600 BC The Great Sphinx is built. ca. 2550 BC Early Minoan Period. 2600-2200 BC Beginning of the Cretan civilization on Crete (until c.1400 BC). Knossus (Cnossus) is the leading city on Crete. Cretan civilization spreads to the Aegean Islands. Fourth Egyptian dynasty. 2550 BC Celts, who overran western Europe, ride horses, carry iron weapons, and are ruled by Druids, a priestly class. 2500-1200 BC Eannatum of Lagash, a great warrior, defeats the Sumerian cities of Ur in the south and Kish in the north. Extends his power into Elam as far as Mari. ca. 2450 BC Eannatum makes the Sumerian city state of Lagash supreme. Urakgina takes power in Lagash. ca. 2400 BC Institutes the first known social reforms in history. Reign of the Pharaoh Cheops (also known as Khufu). 2589-2566 BC The Great Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is completed in Gizeh. ca. 2560 BC Reign of Chephren. 2558-2533 BC Lugalannemundu, King of Adab. Briefly unites the Sumerian city states. 2500 BC Following his death, the city states will fight each other for about 200 years. The Assyrians settle at the Upper Tigris and Greater Zab rivers. c. 2500 BC The capital Assur, and the country received their names from Assur, the chief god of the Assyrians. Beginning of the Indus valley civilization of northern India. c.2400 BC A sophisticated culture thrived and cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were built with courtyard houses. Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer (Sumeria). 2370 BC Sargon I the Great (2360-2305) of Akkad. 2350-2300 BC Period of Akkadian dominance. Sargon conquers Mesopotamia, parts of Syria and Asia Minor, and Elam. Sargon the Great rules over the vast empire in Mesopotamia. Founds Agade in Akkad and builds his capital there. Builds beautiful temples and palace. Middle Minoan Period. 2200-1550 BC The cities of Crete reach their maximum expansion. Middle Cycladic Period. 2200-1650 BC Egypt fragments with dynasties in rival capitals. ca. 2200 BC Hsia Dynasty of China. c.2200-c.1776 BC First historic Chinese dynasty. Horses are domesticated and rice and millet are cultivated. Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Reunites Egypt. c. 2200 BC The Gutians, from what is modern day Iran, conquer Sumeria. They destroy Agade, and rule Sumeria. ca. 2180-2080 BC Aryan invasion of India. c.2150 BC

Founding of the kingdom of Sussex. 477 Genseric (or Gaiseric), king of the Vandals, dies. 477 Huneric. Vandal King of North Africa. 477-484 Fierce persecutions of Christians by Hunneric, the king of the Vandals, the son and successor of Gaiseric (Genseric). 477-484 Zeno retakes the Eastern throne from Basiliscus. 477 Zeno recovers the East Roman throne aided by Theodoric the Great, the Ostrogoth ruler. The Vandal Kingdom is at its greatest extent. 477 It includes Corsica and Sardinia. First Shinto shrines appear in Japan. c.478 Birth of St. Benedict (480-547) in the city of Nursia located in the Sabine hills near Rome. 480 Birth of Boethius (c.473-524), Roman philosopher. 480 Birth of Cassiodorus. 480 Bodhidharma. Twenty eighth Patriarch of Indian Buddhism. ca.480-528 The Burgundy area of France is invaded by the Burgundii, from Savoy. 480 Death of Childeric I, the King of the Salian Franks. He is succeeded by his fifteen year old son Clovis (c.465-511). 481 The Salian Franks were about half of the Franks.

Pope Leo IX. Backs the Normans against the Byzantines in Southern Italy, contributing to the east-west Church schism. 1054 A Supernova that now forms the Crab Nebula is observed in the East. July 4, 1054 It is visible for 22 months. Legates sent by Pope Leo IX appear at the Church of Hagia Sophia, at the beginning of services, and declare that all of their endeavors to re-establish union have been rejected by Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople. The legates lay the papal bull of excommunication on the high altar and leave the church. July 16, 1054 Michael Cerularius rejects the “filioque” clause. Final and complete separation of the Christian Church into two distinct parts: the Western Roman Catholic Church at Rome and the Eastern or Greek Church at Constantinople. Reciprocal excommunication of Roman and Greek churches is announced. Leo IX is Pope, Michael Cerularius is the Patriarch of Constantinople. Henry I of France, Geoffrey of Anjou, and Theobald of Blois invade Normandy. 1054 William I, the Conqueror (b.1027-d.1087) successfully repels the combined invasion of their armies at Mortemer. Council at Sens. 1054 Condemns Berengarius of Tours in the controversy over the Real Presence or the transubstantiation of the Eucharist. Robert Guiscard (Norman) takes Benevento. 1054 Death of Pope Leo IX. 1054

Earthquake. Hondo, Japan. March 16, 1914 Mexican seizure of a United States ship in Tampico Harbor during the Mexican Revolution. 1914 Woodrow Wilson sends United States fleet to Tampico, Mexico. 1914 United States Marines land at Tampico, Mexico. 1914 United States Marines occupy Vera Cruz, Mexico. April 21, 1914 (April 21-Nov. 23). Victoriano Huerta is elected President of Mexico. July 5, 1914 Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico, resigns. July 15, 1914 End of the Vera Cruz incident. United States recognizes the government of Venustiano Carranza, the new president of Mexico. 1914 Destruction of Salem, Massachusetts by fire. June 25-26, 1914 Peace Treaty between Serbia and the Ottoman Turkish Empire. 1914 Assassination of the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austrian province of Bosnia, by Garrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist. Austria believes that Serbia is responsible for the murder. June 28, 1914 Outbreak of World War I (June 28, 1914-Nov. 11, 1918). June 28, 1914 William II, Emperor of Germany, promises German support to Austria-Hungary if any actions are taken against Serbia. July 5, 1914

John VI. King of Portugal. 1816-1826 Was regent from 1792. Union of Portugal and Brazil under John VI, King of Portugal. 1816 Founding of the American Bible Society in New York City. 1816 Flood. Germany. March 21, 1816 Overflow of the Vistula causes submersions. Number of thousands dead is unknown. The Kingdoms of Sicily and Naples are ruled jointly as the “Kingdom of the Two Sicilies”. Formally created by the unification of Naples and Sicily under one crown. 1816 Lasts until 1860, when the kingdom is conquered by G. Garibaldi. Will be joined with northern states to form the Kingdom of Italy (1861). Bourbons again resume the throne. Spanish authority is reestablished in Mexico. 1816 Severe famine throughout Ireland. 1816-1817 600,000 perish. Typhus epidemic. Ireland. 1816-1819 One fourth of the population is killed. James Monroe (1758-1851). Elected 5th President of the United States. 1816 Second Bank of the United States is chartered. 1816 British Admiral goes to Tunis and Tripoli and demands that both states end the practice of Christian slavery. He then goes to Algiers for same purpose. The Mohammedans kill dozens of Italians living in Oran and Bone. 1816 Admiral Edward Pellew (Viscount Exmouth) leads a joint British-Dutch naval force of 24 battleships and sails into Algiers harbor. 1816 Bombardment of Algiers by England. 1816 Caused by continued acts of piracy by the Mohammedans. The next day the Bey is forced to release all Christian slaves (1,642) from Algiers, and to abolish Christian slavery. United Provinces of Rio de la Plata (now part of Argentina) declare their independence from Spain. 1816 Juan Martin de Pueyrredon is director (1816-1819). Capture of Uruguay by the Portuguese from Brazil. 1816-1820 Carl August of Saxe-Weimar grants first constitution in Germany. 1816 Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868). Italian. 1816 “Il Barbiere de Siviglia.” Opera. (“The Barber of Seville”). “Otello.” Opera. 1816 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1722-1834). English. “Kublai Khan.” Poetry. 1816 Written 1797. Louis Spohr (1784-1859). German composer. “Faust.” Opera. 1816 San Francesco di Paola, Naples. 1816-1824 By Pietro Bianchi (1787-1849). Italian architect.

Pope Gregory XI condemns 19 propositions of John Wycliffe (Wycliffism) while he is still in France. 1377 Pope Gregory XI leaves Avignon and sets sail for Rome. 1377 Pope Gregory XI finally returns the papacy to Rome. Jan. 17, 1377 Gregory XI returns to Rome and reenters St. Peter’s. End of the “Babylonian Captivity” of the Roman Catholic Church in Avignon, France, which had lasted since 1309. Death of Edward III, King of England. 1377 Succeeded by Richard II (b.1367-d.1400), son of Edward the Black Prince. Richard II rules 1377-1399. Ulm Cathedral. Germany. Begun. 1377 John Wycliffe is before Bishop Courtenay of London. 1377 John Wycliffe. Denies the Real Presence (Transubstantiation), attacks monasticism, rejects the sacraments of the Church, and denies Free Will. 1377 Ragusa (Dubrovnik). First European use of “quarantine” (forty days) against plague. 1377 Wladyslaw II Jagiello succeeds his father Algirdas, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. 1377 Radu I succeeds Vladislav I as Prince of Wallachia (modern day southern Romania). 1377 Ibn Khaldoun (1332-1406). The “Muqaddimah”. 1377

Angelo Braschi is elected Pope and takes the name of Pius VI. Feb. 1775 Patrick Henry (1736-1799). Addresses the revolutionary convention with his famous speech. "Give me liberty or give me death". March 1775 The Ride of Paul Revere and William Dawes. April 18, 1775 They alert the colonists that British soldiers are on the way to Concord to destroy a military depot. Battle of Lexington. April 18, 1775 First armed clash between American militia and British troops. British move on to Concord. Beginning of the American Revolution (1775–1783) against England. Battle of Concord. April 19, 1775 The British are defeated and retreat to Boston. Second Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia. May 10, 1775 Statement of American war objectives is made at Philadelphia. 1775 Battle of Fort Ticonderoga. May 10-12, 1775 The Green Mountain Boys under Colonel Ethan Allen (joined by Colonel Benedict Arnold) capture Fort Ticonderoga, New York from the English. A colonial force under Seth Warner (1743-1784) seizes Crown Point, May 1775 New York. Southern colonies expel their governors. 1775 England hires 29,000 German mercenaries for war in North America. 1775

The Duke of Medina Sidonia (1550-1615) sails from Lisbon, Portugal in command of the Spanish Armada. 1588 The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. July 21-29, 1588 War between Spain and England. The Spanish Armada (132 ships, 33,000 men and crew) which was sent by Philip II of Spain against England is destroyed, while in the English Channel, by English attacks and storms. The Spanish fleet is led by Duke Medina Sidonia. Spaniards are defeated by English fleet led by Adm. Charles Howard of Effingham (1536-1624) with Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Martin Frobisher. 6,000-10,000 men are killed. Marks the beginning of Spain’s decline as a naval power. War between Spain and England resulted primarily from England’s support for the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain. Disappearance of the second English colony on Roanoke Island. 1588 Known as the “Lost Colony”. Famine in Ireland. 1588-1589 Thousands perish. Death of Frederick II of Denmark. 1588 He is succeeded by Christian IV. Rules 1588-1648. Christian IV will later support Lutheranism. Henry of Guise marches on Paris in order to depose Henry III of France. 1588 Henry III flees to Blois (May). Henri of Guise is killed at orders of Henry III of France. Dec. 1588 Henry III, King of France, turns to Henry of Navarre for support. 1588

Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736). Having been refused a commission in the French army by Louis XIV, King of France, Eugene enters the Imperial army in the service of Austria, with the rank of colonel. 1683 Second Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Turks. July-September 1683 The first moslem siege of Vienna was in 1529. Over 250,000 Turkish Mohammedans under Kara Mustapha, sent by Mohammed IV, Turkish sultan, arrive at Vienna (July 14). The Turkish army is brought up to the walls of Vienna by Hungarian Protestants. The defense of Vienna is left to Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (1635-1701) in command of 12,000 troops. Starhemberg successfully defends Austria against the prolonged Turkish attack but towards the end the Turkish assaults seem certain to succeed. On September 12, John Sobieski III of Poland, after marching from Warsaw, Poland, arrives to the relief of Vienna with an army of 20,000 men. John George, Elector of Saxony, marches from Dresden with an army of 10,000 men. Max Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria, marches from Munich with an army of eleven thousand men. Count Waloleck brings 8,000 Franconians from the Main River area. This brings up the available forces to 60,000 Christians (German and Polish troops). From the top of Kahlenberg mountain, John Sobieski leads the Christian army attack on the Ottoman Turkish siege lines. After a fierce battle, lasting throughout the day, the Mohammedans are defeated and routed with enormous loss. Jan Sobieski successfully raises the moslem siege of Vienna. The last Turkish Mohammedan attack on Vienna is defeated by Jan Sobieski of Poland (September 12, 1683). Vienna and all of Europe are saved by the combined Christian army from the Mohammedans. Beginning of the Great Turkish War (1683-1699). 1683 Austria and Poland are at war with the Ottoman moslems. Recapture of Gran (Hungarian: Esztergom) from the Mohammedans. 1683 Spanish declaration of war on France. 1683 Edmé Mariotte (1620-1684). French ecclesiastic and biologist. Develops the concept of Osmosis (the passage of one fluid into another through a membrane). 1683 Wild boars become extinct in Great Britain. 1683 William Penn signs peace treaty with North American Indians. 1683 Mennonites from Germany settle Germantown, near Philadelphia. 1683 Peter (Pedro) II. King of Portugal. 1683-1706 Christopher Wren (1632-1723). English architect. St. James’s, Piccadilly, London. 1683 Isaac Barrow (1630-1677). English. “Lectiones Mathematicae”. 1683-1685 His lectures of 1664, 1665, and 1666 are published posthumously. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Dutch. O bserves bacteria. Publishes the first drawing of bacteria. 1683 Bacteria will not be seen again for more than another century. John Théophile Desaguliers (1683-1744). Experiments with electricity. 1683 Introduces the words “conductor” and “insulator”.

Conquest of Granada. Jan. 2,1492 Surrender of Abu-Abdullah Mohammed XI (Boabdil), the last Mohammedan King of Granada (1482-1492), to troops of Ferdinand and Isabella. The conquest of the Mohammedan kingdom of Granada marks the end of the reconquest of Spain by Christendom from the Mohammedans. Union of Granada with Castile. Christopher Columbus is present at the capitulation of Boabdil. End of the Mohammedan era in Spain that was begun in 711. The moslems occupied Spain for 781 years. The Jihad in Spain comes to an end. Unification of Spain. 1492 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506). Genoese explorer and navigator. First Voyage. August 1492-March 1493 After years of agitation in Spain, Columbus gains the support of Queen Isabella for his westward journey in search of India. Columbus, age 41, sails from Palos, Spain, in order to search for a western route to Asia. Columbus leaves with a 70 man crew on the Santa Maria, the Nina, and the Pinta. In total, during his life, Columbus will make four voyages to the New World. Christopher Columbus. Crosses the Atlantic Ocean after a journey of 61 days and reaches the New World. October 12, 1492 He lands on Guanahani, one of the Bahama Islands on October 12, 1492. He names the land San Salvador and claims it for Spain. Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba. October 27, 1492 Sighted on Oct. 27, and landing was on Oct. 28, 1492.

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7000 - 1 BC Neolithic Age (New Stone Sumerians arrive in Southern Mesopotamia. 4500 BC The Sumerians are of unknown origin. Age) in the Near East. 7000-5600 BC “Neolithic Revolution”. Beginning of settled life. 7000-6500 BC Walled settlement at Jericho. c.7000 BC Earliest Neolithic culture in Southern Italy, Sicily, and Liguria. c.6000 BC Chalcolithic Period (Copper-Stone Age). First metalwork. 5600-3500 BC Beginning of the Sumerian civilization. c.5000 BC First settlements in the fertile river valleys of Sumer. Northern Mesopotamia. Appearance of the brilliant Tell Halaf pottery. c. 5000 BC The Sumerians settle in Southern Mesopotamia. 4500-2800 BC Mesopotamia means the land between the rivers. Sumerian Al’Ubaid period in Southern Mesopotamia. c. 4500 BC Begins with the appearance of painted pottery and a simple agricultural economy in the area. Sumerian Al’Ubaid culture in Southern Mesopotamia. Well developed urban life. c. 4260-2750 BC Earliest exactly dated year in history. 4241 BC Recorded date in the ancient Egyptian calendar. Farmers living along the Danube River in villages design stone replicas of their deities. c. 4000 BC First year of the Jewish calendar. 3760 BC Beginning of the Bronze Age in Mesopotamia. 3500 BC Tools are made of bronze. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. Beginning of pictogram writing in early Mesopotamia. 3500 BC First phonetic writing. The Sumerian civilization in Lower Mesopotamia is considered by many ancient historians to be the first great civilization of mankind. “White Temple” on Ziggurat. Uruk (Warka). c. 3200 BC Beginning of ideogram writing in early Mesopotamia. c. 3200 BC The Sumerians develop cuneiform writing. c. 3200-3100 BC Beginning of phonogram writing (syllables) in early Mesopotamia. Temple of Uruk is built in Sumeria. c. 3100 BC Upper and Lower Egypt are united by Menes (Narmer), the first Pharaoh of the first dynasty. c. 3100 BC Menes built his capital at Memphis. Kish, which was situated near modern Baghdad, becomes the leading Sumerian city during the reign of King Etana. c. 3000 BC The “Great Deluge”. c. 3000 BC The Old Testament (Jewish) account corresponds with the later written Gilgamesh Epic. The Bronze Age culture begins, in Europe, in the Aegean and Greece. ca. 3000 BC Meskiaggasher founds dynasty in Erech. ca. 2800 BC This dynasty begins to rival Kish. Rise of Kingship in Sumeria. 2800 BC Rise of early Helladic culture on the mainland of Greece (central Greece and the Peloponnesus). 2800-2100 BC Bronze Age culture in Melos and other islands of the Cyclades. Early Cycladic. 2800-2200 BC Royal burials at Ur. 2750-2650 BC Gilgamesh. Sumerian. Reigns as king of Uruk (Erech). ca. 2750 BC Gilgamesh builds walls around Uruk. The Gilgamesh epic. c. 2750 BC Kingship becomes hereditary in Sumeria. 2700 BC Third Egyptian Dynasty. c. 2600 BC Imhotep. Builds stepped pyramid in early Egypt. 2600 BC The Great Sphinx is built. ca. 2550 BC Early Minoan Period. 2600-2200 BC Beginning of the Cretan civilization on Crete (until c.1400 BC). Knossus (Cnossus) is the leading city on Crete. Cretan civilization spreads to the Aegean Islands. Fourth Egyptian dynasty. c. 2550 BC Celts, who overran western Europe, ride horses, carry iron weapons, and are ruled by Druids, a priestly class. 2500-1200 BC Eannatum of Lagash, a great warrior, defeats the Sumerian cities of Ur in the south and Kish in the north. Extends his power into Elam as far as Mari. ca. 2450 BC Eannatum makes the Sumerian city state of Lagash supreme. Urakgina takes power in Lagash. ca. 2400 BC Institutes the first known social reforms in history. Reign of the Pharaoh Cheops (also known as Khufu). 2589-2566 BC The Great Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is completed in Gizeh. ca. 2560 BC Reign of Chephren. 2558-2533 BC Lugalannemundu, King of Adab. Briefly unites the Sumerian city states. 2500 BC Following his death, the city states will fight each other for about 200 years. The Assyrians settle at the Upper Tigris and Greater Zab rivers. c. 2500 BC The capital Assur, and the country received their names from Assur, the chief god of the Assyrians. Beginning of the Indus valley civilization of northern India. c.2400 BC A sophisticated culture thrived and cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were built with courtyard houses. Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer (Sumeria). 2370 BC Sargon I the Great (2360-2305) of Akkad. 2350-2300 BC Period of Akkadian dominance. Sargon conquers Mesopotamia, parts of Syria and Asia Minor, and Elam. Sargon the Great rules over the vast empire in Mesopotamia. Founds Agade in Akkad and builds his capital there. Builds beautiful temples and palace. Middle Minoan Period. 2200-1550 BC The cities of Crete reach their maximum expansion. Middle Cycladic Period. 2200-1650 BC Egypt fragments with dynasties in rival capitals. ca. 2200 BC Hsia Dynasty of China. c.2200-c.1776 BC First historic Chinese dynasty. Horses are domesticated and rice and millet are cultivated. Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Reunites Egypt. c. 2200 BC The Gutians, from what is modern day Iran, conquer Sumeria. They destroy Agade, and rule Sumeria. ca. 2180-2080 BC Aryan invasion of India. c.2150 BC The Aryans, a Sanskrit speaking people from Central Asia, invade India and destroy the Indus valley civilization. Egypt expands its territory southward. 2133-1786 BC Engages in extensive foreign trade. Reign of Ur-Nammu of Sumeria. 2113-2096 BC Ur-Nammu, Sumerian ruler. Builds the Ziggurat of Ur. 2112 BC Ur-Nammu founds the last Sumerian dynasty and promulgates law code, the oldest code of laws known. ca. 2112 BC Middle Helladic culture. 2100-1550 BC Gudeans are driven out of Sumaria, by Utu-Hegal, King of Erech (Uruk). The Sumerians are restored back to power. 2050 BC Abraham, the son of Terah. Leaves Ur in Chaldea (Ur of the Chaldees). ca. 2100 BC End of Sumerian rule. Invasion of Amorites and Elamites. 2000 BC The Elamites destroy Ur, marking the end of Sumerian dominance in Mesopotamia. The Mycenaeans enter Greece from the north. c. 2000 BC The Hebrews live as nomadic shepherds in Canaan. 2000-1700 BC Settlement of the Hittites in Anatolia in Asia Minor. 2000 BC Founding of the first Hittite Kingdom. Fall of the Sumerian Empire to the Amorites and Gutians. 1950 BC Egypt conquers lower Nubia. 1950 BC Entrance of Abraham, son of Terah, into Canaan. ca. 1900 BC Arrival of Indo-European peoples on the Greek mainland. 1900 BC Start of the first Babylonian Empire. c. 1900 BC Stonehenge. ca. 1900-1400 BC A massive stone complex used for religious purposes, is built on Salisbury Plain, England. Babylonian mathematics. ca. 1900 BC Reaches its high level with a numbering system that is based upon the developed sexagesimal system with a place value notation for both whole numbers and fractions. Also surviving are tables of squares, of square roots, of cubes, cube roots, and of the sums of squares and cubes. Minoan culture in Crete. ca. 1800-1700 BC Founding of Thebes, Greece. ca. 1800 BC The Old Assyrian Empire. 1800-1375 BC Hammurabi ascends the throne of Babylonia. 1792 BC Hammurabi rules the western Semitic Kingdom of Babylonia. Hammurabia rules Canaan. ca. 1792-1750 BC Shang Dynasty in northern China. c.1766-1122 BC Hammurabi writes code of laws. Law Code of Hammurabi is carved into stele. 1755 BC Egypt is invaded, conquered, and then ruled by the Hyksos. The Hyksos, a Semitic people, probably came from Canaan. They introduced horse drawn chariots. ca. 1730-1570 BC Jacob, the son of Isaac, enters into Egypt. ca. 1700 BC Late Cycladic Period. 1650-1300 BC Beginning of Achaean ascendancy. 1650-1500 BC Old Kingdom of the Hittites. c. 1650-1500 BC A volcano explodes on the Minoan island of Thera, near Akrotiri, Greece. This explosion is twice as violent as that of Krakatoa. 1628 BC Destroys Minoan cities. This explosion brings about the abrupt transition from the Minoan culture to the Mycenaean culture. Reign of Mursilis I, King of the Hittites. 1620-1590 BC First beginnings of Phoenician cities. 1600-1200 BC Mursilish I, King of the Hittites, defeats Halpa (Aleppo). c. 1595 BC Mursili I, King of the Hittites (also called Kassites). Babylon and Babylonian dynasty is destroyed by the Hittites. 1595 BC The Hittites came from what will later be known as Anatolia and Syria. Beginning of the Mycenaean civilization. 1580 BC Mycenaeans, a Greek speaking people, settle in Greece. Mycenaeans establish a flourishing civilization, and trade with Crete. Reign of Amosis I. 1570-1546 BC New Kingdom in Egypt. The Hyksos kings are expelled by Amosis I. ca. 1570-1085 BC Egyptian power and civilization reaches its height. Egypt conquers Nubia. 1560 BC Late Helladic culture. 1550-1100 BC Late Minoan Period. 1550-1100 BC Decline sets in. Reign of Amenhotep I (son of Amosis I). c. 1541-1520 BC Reign of Thutmosis I, Pharaoh of Egypt. 1520-1492 BC The Birth of Moses. c.1520 BC Thutmosis I of Egypt penetrates to the Euphrates Valley. 1520-1512 BC Middle Kingdom of the Hittites. c.1500-1420 BC Mitanni kingdom of Hurrians (known as the Horites in the Old Testament) rule much of Mesopotamia and Assyria. ca. 1500 BC Linear B script exists in Crete, indicating evidence of Mycenaean influence on the language of Crete. ca. 1500 BC The Hellenic invasion of Greece. ca. 1500-1000 BC The Palace of Minos. Knossos, Crete. ca. 1500 BC Reign of Thutmosis III of Egypt. 1480-1448 BC Under him, Egypt experiences its greatest territorial expansion. Rules from the Euphrates River to the 4th Cataract of the Nile River. Battle of Megiddo. 1479 BC Egyptians under Thutmose III of Egypt, defeat a Confederation of Palestinian states in northern Israel. Egypt conquers Syria and part of Mesopotamia. Reign of Hatshepsut in Egypt. 1479-1458 BC Temple of Hatshepsut. Egypt. ca. 1460 BC Destruction of the Minoan culture. 1450-1375 BC The destruction of the palace of Knossos by fire occurred during an unsuccessful revolt of the Cretan population against their new masters from Mycenae (the Mycenaeans). The Exodus. Moses leads the Jews out of Egypt. c.1446 BC Definitive establishment of Achaean dominance of Crete. ca. 1425 BC New Hittite Kingdom. c.1420-1190 BC Reign of Amenhotep (Amenophis) III. 1417-1379 BC Marks the beginning of the downfall of Egyptian power. The Death of Moses. c. 1406 BC Joshua succeeds Moses as the leader of the Jews. The Mycenaeans gain supremacy of the Mediterranean. ca. 1400 BC Mycenae, located in the northern Peloponnesus, becomes the major ancient city following the collapse of Knossus (the Minoans). Middle Assyrian Empire. 1375-1047 BC Assyrian law during this period called for some terrible forms of punishment. These included blinding, severance of ears, nose, lips, fingers and toes, castration, amputation of arms and legs, and the destruction of faces by the application of boiling asphalt. Reign of Amenhotep (Amenophis) IV. 1352-1336 BC Amenhotep (Amenophis) IV changes his name to Akhenaton. ca. 1350 BC Married to Nofretete, Akhenaton attempts to introduce in Egypt the worship of Aton, or the Sun. Founding of the city of Corinth (Greece). 1350 BC Height of expansion of the Hittite Empire. 1350 BC Reign of Tutenkhamen, son-in-law of Akhnaton. c. 1332-1324 BC Restores polytheism in Egypt. Reign of Rameses I of Egypt. 1319-1290 BC Reign of Rameses II of Egypt. 1304-1237 BC Ramses II, ruler of Egypt. 1300-1290 BC Completes the temples of Karnak, Thebes, Luxor, and Abu-Simbel. Battle of Kadesh (in modern day Syria). 1288 BC (Part of Egyptian-Hittite Wars). Egyptian armies under Rameses II lose a major battle to the HIttites led by Mursilish II, at Kadesh in Syria. Fought for mastery of Syria. Both sides claim the victory. Ramses II of Egypt makes peace with the Hittites. 1283 BC Shalmaneser I becomes ruler of Assyria. 1275 BC The Phoenicians flourish on the coasts of Syria and Lebanon. c. 1250 BC The Phoenicians establish the city states of Tyre and Sidon. Phoenicians begin to colonize the Mediterranean coast. The Israelites conquer and enter into Canaan (Palestine). ca. 1250 BC Crossing of the Jordan River by the Israelites. c. 1250 BC The Israelite league is victorious in a battle fought in the Esdraedon Valley. The victory is celebrated in the Song of Deborah (Judges 5). ca. 1235 BC Merneptah leads Egyptian army in campaign against Israel in Palestine (first mention of the tribe of Israel in the Israel Stele) and against the Libyans, who were allied with the Sea Peoples (Greeks, Philistines). ca. 1234-1220 BC Trojan War. ca. 1203- c. 1193 BC The Greeks led by Agamemnon, Achilles, and Odysseus (Ulysses) lay siege to the ancient city of Troy. Troy will ultimately fall to the Greeks (c. 1193 BC). The Latins, an Indo-European speaking Italic people from Central Europe, cross the Alps, invade Italy, and settle in Central Italy. ca. 1200 BC Dorian (North Greeks) invaders from the north, begin to invade Greece. Devastation of Achaean cities. 1200 BC 20th Dynasty in Egypt. 1200-1090 BC The League of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. ca. 1200 BC The period of the Judges of Israel. 1200-1020 BC Destruction of the Hittite Empire and other near eastern civilizations by invaders (the “Sea Peoples”). c. 1200 BC The Fall of Troy. 1193 BC Troy, in Asia Minor, falls to Greek armies after a ten year siege (according to Homer). Traditional date for the destruction of the city of Troy. Rameses III becomes ruler of Egypt. 1188 BC Egyptian delta. c. 1188 BC Invasion of Egypt by confederation of “Sea Peoples”. These include Greeks, Philistines, Sardinians, and Sicilians. The “Sea Peoples” are defeated by Rameses III. Rameses III defeats an armada of invading “Peoples of the Sea”. Egyptian independence is preserved. The Philistines are pushed back from Egypt. 1180 BC Gideon and the Midianites. c. 1169 BC Sack of Babylon and overthrow of Kassite power by the Elamites. 1160 BC The Dorians (Northern Greeks) conquer Crete. 1150 BC Greeks settle on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor. 1150-1000 BC Phoenicians found their first north African colony at Utica located in what is modern day Tunisia. 1140 BC Nebuchadnezzar I, King of Babylon. 1125-1116 BC Chou Dynasty of China. 1122-480 BC Overthrows the Shang Dynasty. Tiglath-Pileser I. Ruler of Assyria. 1116-1077 BC Founds the Assyrian Empire. Fortifies it against migrating peoples from the north. Will conquer Babylon. The Babylonians defeat the Elamites. 1100 BC 21st Dynasty in Egypt. 1090-945 BC Civil war under Ramses XI. Israel is conquered by the Philistines. ca. 1070 BC The central shrine of the League of Israel at the Battle of Shiloh is destroyed. The Ark of the Covenant is taken by the Philistines. Samuel, the last of the Judges of Israel. He is forced to institute kingship in Israel at the insistence of the twelve tribes of Israel. ca. 1043 BC Saul is anointed the first King of Israel. Reign of King Saul of Israel. ca. 1043-1010 BC Saul leads Israel in the struggle against the Ammonites. ca. 1042 BC Saul defeats the Ammonites. Philistines invade central Palestine. 1041 BC Saul, King of Israel, is at war against the Philistine invaders. At the end of his reign, Saul is defeated by the Philistines at the catastrophic Battle of Gilboa on the plain of Jezreel. ca. 1010 BC Saul, King of the Jews, commits suicide by falling on his own sword. David, King of the Jews. ca. 1010 BC On the death of King Saul, David is anointed King of the Jews at Hebron. Reign of David, King of the Jews (kingdom of Judah). David defeats the Philistines and begins to unite Israel. ca.1010-ca.970 BC Although David is anointed King of Israel, for 7 ½ years he rules only the southern Kingdom of Judah. Ishbaal, son of Saul, rules briefly in the northern kingdom of Israel. Thereafter David will rule all of Israel both northern and southern kingdoms. David captures Jerusalem (c. 1000 BC) and makes it the religious and political capital of Israel. David returns the Ark of the Covenant (1000 BC) and the Decalogue (the Ten Commandments) to the city. David reigns over all of Israel (north and south). c. 1003 BC Teutonic tribes settle in northern Europe. c. 1000 BC The Phoenicians dominate the seas. 1000-774 BC The Phoenicians probably sailed to Cornwall, England, for tin and sailed down the west coast of Africa. The Birth of Solomon, the son of David. c. 990 BC Hyram (Hiram) I is King of the Phoenician city of Tyre. c. 969-936 BC David is succeeded by Solomon, his son by Bathsheeba. Solomon rules Israel. ca. 970-ca. 933 BC Solomon, King of the Jews. Completes the Temple of Jehovah at Jerusalem. ca. 966 BC Tiglath-Pileser II. King of Assyria (rules for 32 years). 966-935 BC Hiram I builds the fortified city of Tyre. c. 950 BC The Queen of Sheba visits Solomon, King of Israel. c. 946 BC 22nd Dynasty of Egypt. 945-745 BC Begins with Sheshonk I (rules 945 to 918 BC). The Death of Solomon, King of Israel. ca. 933 BC Immediately upon the death of King Solomon, rebellion follows the accession of his son Rehoboam. ca. 933 BC The Kingdom of Israel is divided into a southern kingdom (Judah, with its capital at Jerusalem) under Rehoboam (to c. 915 BC), the son of King Solomon. The northern kingdom (Israel with its capital at Shechem, later Tirzah and Pneul, then Samaria) is under Jeroboam I (to 912 BC), also the son of Solomon. Reign of Jeroboam I, First King of Israel. c. 933-912 BC Civil war between Rehoboam, King of Judah, and Jeroboam I, King of Israel. 933-915 BC The Kingdom of Israel (the Northern Kingdom). 933-722 BC The Dynasty of Jeroboam I (ca. 933-901), of the Kingdom of Israel. Jeroboam is the son of Solomon. 933-900 BC The Kingdom of Judah (the southern kingdom). 933-586 BC Reign of Rehoboam, first King of Judah. ca. 933-915 BC Rehoboam is the son of Solomon. Shoshenq I of Egypt (called Shishok in the Old Testament) proceeds with his army out from the Egyptian delta. 918 BC The civil war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam I is broken off by the attack of Shoshonq I. Shoshenq (Sheshonk) of Egypt invades Palestine, plunders the city of Jerusalem, devastates Edom, Judah, and much of Israel in the north. Death of Rehoboam, the King of Judah (the kingdom of the south). 915 BC Reign of Abijah (Abijam) the Second King of Judah. ca. 915-913 BC Civil War continues between Israel (the kingdom of the north) and Juda (the kingdom of the south) through his reign. Asa, Third King of Judah. ca. 913-873 BC Civil War continues between Israel (the kingdom of the north) and Judah (the kingdom of the south) throughout his reign. Nadab. Second King of Israel (the kingdom of the north). c. 912-910 BC Nadab is son of Jeroboam I of Israel. The New Assyrian Empire. The Assyrian Empire controls Mesopotamia (until 606 BC). 910 BC The murder of Nadab, the son of Jeroboam I, by Baasha. 910 BC Baasha. Third King of Israel. c. 910-909 BC The Dynasty of Baasha in the northern Kingdom of Israel. 910-876 BC Baasha. Third King of Israel (the kingdom of the north). Attempts to re-ignite the smoldering civil war with the Kingdom of Judah. Asa, King of Judah (913-873BC), however, calls upon Ben-Hadad I, King of Aram-Damascus (880-842BC). Ben-Hadad I attacks Baasha, King of Israel, lays waste to part of Galilee and annexes the territory northeast of the Yarmuk River. c. 909 BC Elah. Fourth King of Israel (the kingdom of the north). c. 909-908 BC Elah is the son of Baasha. During the New Assyrian Empire, Adad-Nirari II, engages in conflicts in Northern Mesopotamia. 909-889 BC Elah, the son of Baasha, King of Israel, is assassinated by Zimri. 908 BC Zimri. Fifth King of Israel. c. 908 BC Zimri is burnt to death in his palace in T'irzah by Omri. Omri. Sixth King of Israel (the kingdom of the north). c. 908-897 BC Omri advances to the throne by the army of Israel. Under his reign, Omri builds a new capital at Samaria making it the religious and governmental capital of Israel. Omri, King of Israel, establishes the Omride Dynasty. 908-842 BC Omri. Sixth King of Israel. Omri will renew alliances with the Phoenician city of Tyre, by the marriage of the Phoenician princess Jezebel, the daughter of Ittoba'al, King of Tyre (887-856 BC) to his son Ahab, the crown prince of Israel. c. 908 BC During his reign, Omri reconquers Moab (from the Mesha inscription). The founding of Sparta. ca. 900 BC Four villages (Limnia, Mesoa, Kynosura, and Petane) are consolidated into a single settlement in the Eurotas River Valley. Reign of Ahab, the Seventh King of Israel. c. 897-853 BC Ahab, King of Israel, will fight defensive wars with Ben-Hadad I, King of Aram-Damascus. Ittoba’al. King of Tyre. c. 887-856 BC Ittoba’al is the father of Jezebel. Reign of Ashurnarspal II (also written Ashurnasirpal). c. 883-859 BC The great grandson of Adad-Nirari, he is considered to be the most vicious of the Assyrian kings. He subsequently formed an empire which corresponded in size to that of Tiglath-Pileser I. The resistance of neighboring peoples was broken by annual campaigns which used cavalry probably for the first time in the history of warfare. Methods of subjugation put the conquered peoples into a state of fear. Used blinding, impalement, scourging, boiling alive, and mass executions. The Assyrians under Ashurbanipal II conquered Phoenicia. Reign of Ben-Hadad I, the King of Aram-Damascus. ca. 880-842 BC Samaria (formerly Shechem or Sichem) is rebuilt as the capital of Israel, the kingdom of the north. 879 BC Jehosophat, Fourth King of Judah. Judah is the kingdom of the south. ca. 873-849 BC Jehoshaphat. Fourth King of Judah. c. 860 BC Makes peace with Ahab, King of Israel (kingdom of the north). Ahab joins Jehoshaphat in the wars against Damascus. Reign of Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria. 859-824 BC Rules for 35 years. Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria, son of Ashurbanipal, cemented overlordship in Syria and Palestine in order to control the trade routes from the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers to the Mediterranean Sea. The subjugation of Damascus, the Aramean capital was not accomplished. Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria. Meets a coalition of Aramaean kings (Sam’al, Hattini, Carchemish, and Bît Adini) at Lutibu near Sam'al (modern Zincirli). 858 BC Shalmaneser III claims the victory even though he did not break the power of the allies. Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria. Conquers Bît Adini, captures its prince, and annexes the country to the Assyrian Empire. 857-855 BC Once again the west unites against Shalmaneser III of Assyria. 854 BC The chiefs of the alliance are Irkhuleni of Hamath and Ben Hadad I (Hadadezer) of Damascus. Battle of Quarqar on the Orontes. 854 BC Ahab, King of Israel, Ben-Hadad I of Damascus, and Irkhuleni of Hamath head the coalition that stops Shalmaneser's march of conquest. Shalmaneser III, however, is stopped, but he is not defeated. Death of Ahab, the King of Israel. 854 BC Dies in Transjordan while fighting against Ben Hadad of Damascus. Ahab is succeeded by Ahaziah as King of Israel. c. 854 BC Reign of Ahaziah the Eighth King of Israel. c. 854-853 BC Ahaziah is succeeded by Joram in the Kingdom of Israel (the kingdom of the north). 853 BC Joram (Jehoram). Ninth King of Israel. c. 853-842 BC Elijah the Prophet, flourishes at this time. ca. 852 BC Elijah becomes the leader of a counter movement against the "House of Omri". Elijah battles against the worship of the Tyrian (Tyre) false god Ba'al that was worshipped by Jezebel. Elijah began a religious revolution that eventually brought down the "House of Omri". Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria, continues his attacks against the western forces. 850, 849, and 846 BC The Greeks adopt the Phoenician alphabet. c. 850 BC Arrival of the Etruscans in Rome. c. 850 BC Jehoshaphat, King of Judah, is succeeded by his son Jehoram. 849 BC Reign of Jehoram. Fifth King of Judah. c. 849-842 BC Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab, King of Israel, and his wife Jezebel, marries Joram, King of Judah. c. 849 BC Phoenician gods are introduced and worshiped in Israel. Ahaziah. Sixth King of Judah. 842 BC Ahaziah, grandson of Jehosophat, the King of Judah, succeeds Jehoram as the King of Judah. Ahaziah rules Judah for less than one year. Inspired by the prophet Elisha, the warrior Jehu leads an open rebellion against the King of Israel and his worship of false gods. 842 BC Ahaziah, the King of Judah, is killed in the blood purge. 842 BC Jehu is annointed King of Israel (kingdom of the north) by a delegate of the prophet Elisha. ca. 842 BC Reign of Jehu,Tenth King of Israel. ca. 842- 815 BC Jehu, King of Israel, eliminates the Omrites and suppresses the worship of Baal, the false god of the Phoenicians. The Dynasty of Jehu of Israel. 842-748 BC Athaliah seizes power over the kingdom of Judah. 842 BC Athaliah is a descendant of the Omri Dynasty of Israel. Athaliah, the dowager queen, rules Judah tyrannically after the elimination of the Omrites. 842-836 BC Athaliah attempts to secure her throne by attempting to completely destroy the Davidic house. However, a small son of Ahaziah escapes (his name is Jehoash). Hazael. Rules as King of Damascus. ca. 842-806 BC Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria. Conquers Syria. He attacks and defeats Hazael, King of Damascus, who had just come to the throne. 842 BC Shalmaneser III, King of Assyria. Finally defeats the western enemies. Jehu, King of Israel, submits to Shalmaneser III, of Assyria. 842 BC Tribute is paid to the Assyrian Empire by Jehu, King of Israel. The enthronement of Jehoash, King of Judah, with the backing of the High Priest. c. 836 BC Reign of Jehoash, the Eighth King of Judah. c. 836-797 BC The murder of Athaliah, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, and wife of Joram, King of Judah. 836 BC During his reign, Jehoash, King of Judah, is forced to pay a heavy tribute to Aram. Shalmaneser III of Assyria makes conquests in Cilicia. ca. 835 BC Shalmaneser III fights against Sardur I, king of Urartu. ca. 830 BC Reign of Shalmaneser III ends in revolution. 824 BC Jehoahaz. Rules as the Eleventh King of Israel. c. 815-798 BC Hazael, King of Damascus. During the time of Jehoahaz (King of Israel), Hazael reduced the Kingdom of Israel to a dependency, conquered Philistia, and put the Kingdom of Judah under enormous tribute. Hazael also had unified the Aramaen states. 814-798 BC The founding and building of Carthage (New City), in North Africa by Phoenicians of Tyre. 814 BC Carthage becomes a wealthy commercial center. Queen Samuramat of Assyria. 811-807 BC This is the so-called Queen of Semiramis. Appearance of Jonah. 810-790 BC Death of Hazael, King of Damascus. ca. 806 BC “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey”. ca. 800-750 BC Written by Homer. The establishment of the Phrygian Kingdom (Phrygia), in Northern Anatolia, with its capital at Gordium. ca. 800 BC The most important ruler of Phrygia is Midas. 23rd Dynasty of Egypt. 800-730 BC In dual reign with 22nd Dynasty. Amaziah, Ninth King of Judah. ca. 797-769 BC Amaziah is the son of Jehoash, King of Judah. Succeeds to the throne of Judah (the kingdom of the south). Jehoash (Joash), Twelfth King of Israel. c. 797-780 BC Fights against Judah and defeats Amaziah, King of Judah. Takes Jerusalem and reduces the southern kingdom to vassalage. Brief conquest of Egypt by Ethiopia. 790 BC Joel, the Prophet of Israel. c. 790-760 BC The Prophet Hosea of Israel. c. 785-725 BC Reign of Jeroboam II, Thirteenth King of Israel. c. 780-741 BC Jeroboam is the son of Jehoash. Under the reign of Jeroboam II, Damascus and Hamath come under Israel's control for the first time since the days of King Solomon. The Prophet Amos of Israel. c. 780-760 BC The Prophets Amos and Hosea prophesy the complete destruction of the kingdom of Israel if the people do not cease the worship of false gods. They prophesize against the idol worship and corruption of the ca. 780 BC time of Jeroboam II, King of Israel. First Olympiad is held in ancient Greece. 776 BC Olympic games are initiated. Phoenicia comes under Assyrian rule. 774-625 BC Amaziah, King of Judah, is defeated by Israel. 769 BC He is killed in Judean rebellion. Reign of Uzziah (Azariah). Tenth King of Judah. c. 769-734 BC During his reign, Uzziah becomes the head of a western coalition formed against Syria. Traditional date for the founding and building of the city of Rome. 753 BC Founded by Romulus and Remus. Hills were occupied for centuries by Indo-Europeans and Sabines, sheep herders. Romulus is the first King of Rome (Rex Romae). Romulus rules 753-716 BC. The Prophet Isaiah. c. 750-695 BC Etruscans from the north capture Rome. ca. 750 BC The Etruscans will rule until 509 BC which marks the founding of the Roman Republic. The Romans seize Sabine women at a public spectacle, taking them as wives. 750 BC Founding of the first Greek colonies in southern Italy (called Magna Graecia) and eastern Sicily. c. 750 BC Magna Graecia was the ancient name for southern Italy. The founding of Cumae (Cyme), one of the first Greek colonies in southern Italy. c. 750 BC Founded by Greeks from Chalcis and Kyme. Hesiod of Ascra (in Boeotia). Greek. Author of "Theogony". 750-700 BC Jotham, Uzziah's son, serves as regent of Judah. c. 749-734 BC Rome is taken by the Sabines who unite with the Romans as one people. 747 BC Micah. The Jewish Prophet of Israel. c. 745-725 BC Reign of Tiglath-Pileser III, King of Assyria. c. 744-727 BC Subjugates Syria and Philistia Zechariah. 14th King of Israel. c. 741 BC Assassination of Zechariah, King of Israel, the last of the dynasty of Jehu. He is killed by Shallum. ca. 741 BC Shallum. 15th King of Israel (kingdom of the north). c. 741 BC Shallum is killed by Menahem in continued civil strife. 741 BC Menahem. 16th King of Israel. c. 741-731 BC The First Messenian War. c. 740-720 BC The conquest of Messenia by Sparta under King Theopompus. The Spartans, like the Athenians, feel the pressures of population expansion. But rather than send out colonies, they conquer Messenia. Sparta becomes a powerful military force on the Greek mainland. c. 736-730 BC Greek colonists continue to settle in Sicily. 735 BC In Sicily, the native peoples, including the Sicels, Sicans, and Elymians, retain their identity, although the east coast of the island becomes Hellenized. Rezin, King of Aram (754-732 BC) and Pekah, King of Israel, enter into a league against Assyria. ca. 735 BC Ahaz. Twelfth King of Judah. ca. 735-715 BC Ahaz, King of Judah. Ahaz refuses to join the conspiracy of Israel and Aram formed against the Assyrian Empire. 735 BC Pekah, King of Israel, and Rezin, King of Aram, declare war on Ahaz, King of Judah. 735 BC Uzziah, King of Judah. Defeated by Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria. c. 734 BC Unlike Hamath and his northern allies, he escapes with little harm. In his later years, Uzziah, King of Judah, becomes a leper and lives in isolation from his court. ca. 734 BC The founding of the city of Syracuse in Sicily by Greeks from the Greek city Corinth. ca. 734 BC The Carthaginians control the western part of Sicily. They prove a continual source of friction to the Greeks in the east of the island. Ahaz, King of Judah. Against the warning of the prophet Isaiah, Ahaz appeals to Assyria for help against the Syro-Ephraimite coalition. 734 BC Tiglathpileser III of Assyria comes westward. 734-732 BC Tiglathpileser III of Assyria lays waste the kingdom of Israel. 732 BC Much of Israel is turned into an Assyrian province. Tiglathpileser III of Assyria appoints Hosea (732-722) king in Samaria. Hosea (Hoshea) is the 19th, and the last, King of Israel. c. 732 BC Tiglathpileser III of Assyria. Lays waste Babylon and Damascus. 732-729 BC The whole of Aram is turned into a province of the Assyrian Empire. In his last year, Menahem, King of Israel (741-731), pays tribute to Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria. 731 BC Reign of Pekahiah, 17th King of Israel. c. 731-729 BC Founding of Rhegium (modern day Reggio Calabria), Italy, by Greeks from Chalcis, Messenia, and Sparta. 730 BC Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea send colonies to Rhegium, Italy. 730 BC Pekahiah, King of Israel, is killed by the anti-Assyrian group led by Pekah. c. 729 BC Pekah. Eighteenth King of Israel. ca. 729-732 BC Tiglath-Pileser III. Becomes Babylonian King. 729 BC Hoshea, King of Israel. Rebels against Assyria, hoping to receive military assistance from Tefnakhte, the ruler of Egypt. 725 BC Destruction of the Kingdom of Israel (the kingdom of the north). 722 BC Sargon II, Assyrian King, destroys Samaria, the capital of Israel, after a 3 year siege, completing the Assyrian conquest of the kingdom of Israel. Sargon II of Assyria exiles most of the Jews that are in Israel. Resettlement of many of the Jews in Media and Mesopotamia. Israel becomes a province of the Assyrian Empire. Sargon II claims to have taken 27,290 Israelites into captivity. The Citadel of Sargon II. Khorsabad. 722-706 BC Reign of Sargon II, King of Assyria. 722-705 BC Rules for 17 years. Sargon II, King of Assyria. Arms the Assyrian armies with iron weapons. 722 BC Achaeans from Greece found the ancient city of Sybaris in southern Italy. c.720 BC Sargon II (son of Tiglath-Pileser III), King of Assyria. Captures the city of Carchemish. 717 BC Numa Pompilius. Second King of Rome (Rex Romae). 716-672 BC Hezekiah. Thirteenth King of Judah. c. 715-687 BC Victory of Assyria over the kingdom of Urartu. 714 BC Achaeans (Greek) found Crotona (Croton) in southern Italy. c. 710 BC Sargon II, King of Assyria, captures Babylon. 709 BC After struggles with the Assyrian Empire, the Phrygians conclude a peace and begin paying tribute to Sargon II, King of Assyria. 709 BC Founding of the Spartan colony of Taras (Tarentum) in Magna Graecia (southern Italy) by Sparta. 706 BC