Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736).
Having been refused a commission in the French army by Louis XIV, King of France,
Eugene enters the Imperial army in the service of Austria, with the rank of colonel. 1683
Second Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Turks. July-September 1683
The first moslem siege of Vienna was in 1529.
Over 250,000 Turkish Mohammedans under Kara Mustapha, sent by Mohammed IV,
Turkish sultan, arrive at Vienna (July 14). The Turkish army is brought up to the walls
of Vienna by Hungarian Protestants.
The defense of Vienna is left to Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (1635-1701) in command of
12,000 troops. Starhemberg successfully defends Austria against the prolonged Turkish attack
but towards the end the Turkish assaults seem certain to succeed.
On September 12, John Sobieski III of Poland, after marching from Warsaw, Poland, arrives
to the relief of Vienna with an army of 20,000 men.
John George, Elector of Saxony, marches from Dresden with an army of 10,000 men.
Max Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria, marches from Munich with an army of eleven thousand men.
Count Waloleck brings 8,000 Franconians from the Main River area.
This brings up the available forces to 60,000 Christians (German and Polish troops).
From the top of Kahlenberg mountain, John Sobieski leads the Christian army attack on
the Ottoman Turkish siege lines.
After a fierce battle, lasting throughout the day, the Mohammedans are defeated and routed
with enormous loss.
Jan Sobieski successfully raises the moslem siege of Vienna.
The last Turkish Mohammedan attack on Vienna is defeated by Jan Sobieski of Poland
(September 12, 1683).
Vienna and all of Europe are saved by the combined Christian army from the Mohammedans.
Beginning of the Great Turkish War (1683-1699). 1683
Austria and Poland are at war with the Ottoman moslems.
Recapture of Gran (Hungarian: Esztergom) from the Mohammedans. 1683
Spanish declaration of war on France. 1683
Edmé Mariotte (1620-1684). French ecclesiastic and biologist.
Develops the concept of Osmosis (the passage of one fluid into another through a membrane). 1683
Wild boars become extinct in Great Britain. 1683
William Penn signs peace treaty with North American Indians. 1683
Mennonites from Germany settle Germantown, near Philadelphia. 1683
Peter (Pedro) II. King of Portugal. 1683-1706
Christopher Wren (1632-1723). English architect.
St. James’s, Piccadilly, London. 1683
Isaac Barrow (1630-1677). English.
“Lectiones Mathematicae”. 1683-1685
His lectures of 1664, 1665, and 1666 are published posthumously.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Dutch. Observes bacteria. Publishes the first drawing of bacteria. 1683
Bacteria will not be seen again for more than another century.
John Théophile Desaguliers (1683-1744).
Experiments with electricity. 1683
Introduces the words “conductor” and “insulator”.